The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Flumazenil and Aminophylline on cognitive and neuromotor emergence after Isoflurane based anesthesia. To conduct this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 90 ASAI-II patients who were scheduled to undergo orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia with nitrous oxide and Isoflurane were selected. Midazolam 0.03mg/kg and Morphine 2mg/kg was administered as premedication. Anesthesia was induced with Sodium Thiopental 5-6mg/kg and Atracurium 0/5-0/6mg/kg and controlled ventilation was maintained with 50%N2O+50%O2+Isoflurane. Isoflurane and N2O were discontinued at the end of surgery. A coded ampule containing either 1mg Flumazenil or Aminophylline 2mg/kg or an equal volume (10cc) of saline was administered when the patient began to awaken. Vigilance was assessed by eye opening(spontaneous or command), limb movement (spontaneous or command), showing tongue on command, recall of age, recall of date of birth, recall of telephone number, simple arithmetic (2*3,4+7,etc.). Neurological recovery was evaluated by the papillary light reflex, the eyelash reflex and the absence of Babinski reflex. The following outcomes were measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes after the injection of the test drug.