Objective: comparison of probiotics effect with placebo in prevention of recurrence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. One hundred seventy two patients with irritable bowel syndrome based on ROME III criteria and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth based on positive breath test referred to gastroenterology clinic were assessed. These patients were enrolled in study after exclusion of important gastrointestinal diseases based on history, physical exam and lab tests and they were excluded if they had sensitivity to antibiotics, pregnancy, lactation, previous abdominal surgery, past medical history of hypothyroidism, malignancies, renal and liver insufficiency, diabetes, familial history of colorectal carcinoma, ingestion of immunosuppressives and antibiotics in recent 2 months and ingestion of probiotics for more than 2 weeks in recent 6 months. These patients received a 10 days period of antibiotics initially and then after a negative breath test they were divided into 2 groups (probiotic and placebo) randomly based on random number tables. One group received mutaflor probiotic included of 8/74-68/43 mg EColi nissle 1917 strain made by Ardeypharm Gmbh company in Germany, one capsule per day and the other group received placebo made by Ahvaz Jondishapour Pharmacy University similar to probiotic, one capsule per day for 3 months. After 3 months treatment with probiotic or placebo, recurrence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was assessed by repetition of hydrogen breath test and was compared between 2 groups.