Effect of differential exercise training on endothelial function of type 2 diabetes and relation with inflammatory cytokines

Investigation of low-volume high- intensity interval training, high- volume high- intensity interval training and continuous intensity moderate training on endothelial function of type 2 diabetes and relation with mechanisms involved in endothelial function.

In this study, 70 participants divided into 4 groups low-volume high- intensity interval training, high- volume high- intensity interval training, continuous intensity moderate training and control. Randomization was performed by block randomization with a block size of 4. Randomised clinical trial with single-blind and parallel groups.

This study was performed in physical education of University of Tehran and Metabolism and Diabetes Center of Shariati hospital. Participants, outcome assessor and statistic specialist was blinded. They did not know which group they were in because they were assigned in groups based on randomization and the codes they provided. The specialists of assessment and statistical analysis were unaware of the study because the groups were sent to him based on coding.

Including criteria: included having a history of type 2 diabetes more than two years, glycosylated hemoglobin <6% (HbA1C <6%), body mass index over 25, hypertension uncontrolled pre or I stage, no history of 6 months of regular exercise (more than one day a week) to do the study. Exclusion criteria included fasting blood glucose over 400 mg/dl, functional limitations (such as osteoarthritis), liver or kidney failure, history of myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass surgery or angioplasty, chronic heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, smoking, insulin therapy and HbA1C > 10%.

1. High- volume high- intensity interval training that program was including 6 intervals 4 minutes at 85-90% HRmax that separated by 3 minutes active period at 45- 50% HRmax. 2. Low- volume high- intensity interval training that program was including 12 intervals 1.5 minutes at 85-90% HRmax that separated by 2 minutes active period at 55- 60% HRmax. 3. Continues moderate intensity training consist of 42 minutes at 70% HRmax. 4. Control group that maintenance daily activities and no have regular exercise.

Flow-mediated dilation; Diameter at baseline; Diameter at peak; Antegrade shear rate؛ Retrograde shear rate؛ Oscillatory shear index؛ Nitrite/ Nitrate; Endothelin-1; Apelin; Arterial stiffness; Superoxide dismutase; Malondialdehyde; Carotid intima-media thickness; Resistance insulin; Lipid profile; VO2peak; exercise time; Resting and maximal heart rate; Resting diastolic blood pressure; Resting systolic blood pressure

Investigator

Block randomization work by randomizing participants within blocks such that an equal number are assigned to each intervention groups. Given a block size in this study was 4 assign participants to a block.

The participants were aware of the study. However, they did not know assigned to which groups, because they were assigned in groups based on randomization and the codes. The evaluators are specialists who were unaware of the grouping and the purpose of the study. Statistical analysis was performed by statisticians who were unaware of the study because the groups were sent to him based on coding.

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