Inclusion criteria:
Isolated microscopic hematuria without a known cause
Age 6 months to 16 years
Exclusion criteria:
Possibility of upper urinary tract diseases (including glomerular diseases such as IgA Nephropathy, Thoracic Disease, Alport Syndrome, Post-infection Glomerulonephritis, Membrane Nephropathy)
Patients infected with uremic hemolytic syndrome and sickle cell disease
Multiple Systemic Diseases (such as Lupus, Henoch Schwein Line Purpura, Wegener, Nodosa Polyurethritis, Goodpasture)
Interstitial diseases (such as pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis and acute tubular necrosis and vascular diseases and anatomical causes such as hydronephrosis, cystic kidney and tumor diseases and trauma)
Inflammations of the lower urinary tract such as (cystitis, urethritis, stones), coagulopathy, tumor, infection, and fabricated hematuria
factitious hematuria