Inclusion criteria:
Age category 65-18 years
Candidate for surgery under general anesthesia using fentanyl
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I or II
Satisfaction to participate in the study
Exclusion criteria:
Underlying diseases (including heart failure, respiratory, liver, kidney, myocardial ischemic disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension above 140/90 mm Hg, tachycardia (heart rate above 100 beats per minute), depression, asthma, chronic cough)
History of allergy to the studied drugs
Smoking, addiction
Having an upper respiratory infection within the last month
Use of drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), antidepressants (over the past two weeks), and steroids (over the past two weeks) that interfere with the study