Inclusion criteria:
The presence of functional dyspepsia, determined by the use of diagnostic tools and the assessment of a gastroenterologist, including endoscopy.
At least 3 months of gastrointestinal symptoms have elapsed.
Age should be between 18 and 60 years old.
The presence of primary headaches, including tension-type headaches and migraines, based on the ICHD3 criteria, confirmed by a physician.
The presence of a minimum of 3 headache attacks per month.
The patient should have had headaches for at least 3 months.
Exclusion criteria:
The patient should have been using medications regularly or daily, either currently or during the past 3 months, that can lead to gastrointestinal damage, such as aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
The regular and daily use of medications that can potentially trigger headaches, such as nitroglycerin, type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors (such as sildenafil), and others.
The presence of other gastrointestinal conditions such as gastric ulcers, inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases, or malignant gastrointestinal diseases confirmed through endoscopy.
The presence of secondary headaches confirmed by a specialist. (Secondary headaches are one of the symptoms of another underlying primary condition that the patient has, such as malignancies, cerebral aneurysms, hypertension, meningitis, etc.).
The presence of progressive or malignant diseases related to the central nervous system.
The presence of other chronic conditions such as diabetes, uncontrolled and advanced hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), etc.