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IRCT20260624069940N5 IRCT 2026-08-20 Tarbiat Modares University Comparison of Three Training Methods on Injury Reduction and Performance Improvement in Professional Volleyball Players Comprehensive Evaluation of Three Training Modalities: Plyometric, Traditional, and Combined, on Reducing the Incidence and Severity of Lower and Upper Limb Injuries, Improving Performance, and Enhancing Quality of Life in Male Professional Volleyball Players 2026-09-01 anticipated 45 Recruiting https://irct.ir/trial/92541 interventional Randomization: Randomized, Blinding: Single blinded, Placebo: Not used, Assignment: Parallel, Purpose: Prevention, Other design features: Randomized controlled trial, single-blind (outcome assessors), with three parallel groups and pre-test/post-test design, Randomization description: After initial screening and confirmation of eligibility, eligible participants will be randomly assigned to three intervention groups (Plyometric, Traditional, and Combined) using randomization software. The randomization method is simple randomization with individual as the unit of randomization. No stratification is used. The random sequence is generated by software. Allocation concealment is ensured using sealed envelopes, Blinding description: In this study, due to the nature of the exercise intervention, complete blinding is not possible. However, outcome assessors who are responsible for administering the questionnaires and assessments related to injury, pain, functional disability, sports performance, and quality of life will be blinded to participants' group allocation. Participants, the principal investigator, and trainers are aware of the intervention type. Outcome assessors are blinded through participant coding and lack of access to group allocation information. N/A Volleyball injuries. Intervention 1: Intervention group 1 (Plyometric): Plyometric training for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 10 minutes of warm-up with fast walking, light jumps, and dynamic stretching, 20 to 30 minutes of specialized plyometric exercises including double-leg vertical jumps with emphasis on landing technique, lateral hops, box jumps with progressive heights, single-leg forward and backward jumps, depth jumps with controlled height, and explosive bounding with gradual progressive overload (weekly increase in repetitions and intensity), and 5 to 8 minutes of cool-down with static stretching and deep breathing. The number of repetitions is 8 to 10 per set with 3 to 5 sets and 60 to 90 seconds rest between sets. Intervention 2: Intervention group 2 (Traditional): Traditional strength training for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 8 to 10 minutes of warm-up with light walking, dynamic movements, and core muscle activation, 25 to 35 minutes of strength exercises with weights including squats with weights or body weight, forward and lateral lunges, light deadlifts, bench press with barbell or dumbbells, shoulder press, rotator cuff exercises for shoulder injury prevention, leg curls and leg extensions, and wrist and forearm flexion and extension with intensity of 60 to 70% of one repetition maximum in early weeks increasing to 75 to 80% in later weeks, and 5 minutes of cool-down with gentle stretching and relaxation. The number of repetitions is 8 to 12 per exercise with 3 to 4 sets. Intervention 3: Intervention group 3 (Combined): Combined training (50% plyometric and 50% traditional) for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 8 to 10 minutes of warm-up with dynamic movements, core muscle activation, and light balance exercises, 15 to 20 minutes of strength exercises (squats, lunges, leg press, core stability exercises, and rotator cuff exercises), 15 to 20 minutes of plyometric exercises (vertical jumps, box jumps, single-leg hops, and lateral hops with emphasis on landing quality), and 5 minutes of cool-down with static stretching. The order of exercises is arranged so that muscle fatigue does not prevent proper execution of the plyometric section. Yes - There is a plan to make this available What will be shared: De-identified individual participant data, study protocol, statistical analysis plan, informed consent form, clinical study report, and data dictionary: All collected data related to outcome variables (incidence and severity of upper and lower limb injuries, pain and functional disability, sports performance, and health-related quality of life) will be shared completely without identifying information. Documentation regarding methodology, forms used, and analysis plan will also be provided. When: Six months after publication of study results To whom: Researchers affiliated with reputable academic and scientific institutions who have an approved research proposal by their institutional ethics committee. Conditions: Data may be used solely for research purposes and secondary analyses related to injury prevention and exercise physiology. Commercial use of the data is not permitted. All users must adhere to ethical requirements and maintain data confidentiality, and must report any findings from their analyses to the primary authors. Requests must include a detailed description of the project and its objectives. Where to obtain: To request data, please contact the corresponding author, Mr. Abbas Hasan Al-Qazzaz, via email at abbas.hasan@modares.ac.ir. Requests may also be submitted through the Department of Exercise Sciences at Tarbiat Modares University. How to obtain: Upon submission of a request via email, the corresponding author will review the application. After approval by the university ethics committee, the request will be forwarded to the research team. If finally approved, de-identified data will be provided within two to four weeks via email or a secure data-sharing platform. Comments: Data will be provided solely for non-commercial purposes, with full adherence to ethical principles and confidentiality of participant information.
public Abbas Hasan Al-Qazzaz
Tarbiat Modares University, Shahid Chamran Blvd., Tehran, Iran
Tehran Iran (Islamic Republic of) ۱۴۱۱۵۱۱۱۱ +98 21 8288 5063 abbas.hasan@modares.ac.ir Tarbiat Modares University scientific Dr. Shahnaz Shahrbanian
Tarbiat Modares University, Shahid Chamran Blvd., Tehran, Iran
Tehran Iran (Islamic Republic of) ۱۴۱۱۵۱۱۱۱ +98 21 8288 5063 sh.shahrbanian@modares.ac.ir Tarbiat Modares University Iran (Islamic Republic of) Male professional volleyball players aged 18 to 30 years At least 3 years of professional league experience No acute or symptomatic injury in upper or lower limbs within 4 weeks prior to the study Obtaining medical clearance from the team physician or project physician Ability to understand and cooperate in performing tests and exercises Signed written informed consent to participate in the study 18 years 30 years Male History of invasive surgery on knee, ankle, shoulder, or spine joints within the last 12 months Uncontrolled chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension (resting blood pressure >140/90 mmHg), cardiovascular diseases, severe respiratory disorders, or neuromuscular diseases Use of stimulant drugs, anabolic steroids, or narcotics within the past 6 months Inability to maintain standing balance for at least 30 seconds without assistance Y93.68 Activity, volleyball (beach) (court) (فعالیت، والیبال) Behavior Behavior Behavior Intervention group 1 (Plyometric): Plyometric training for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 10 minutes of warm-up with fast walking, light jumps, and dynamic stretching, 20 to 30 minutes of specialized plyometric exercises including double-leg vertical jumps with emphasis on landing technique, lateral hops, box jumps with progressive heights, single-leg forward and backward jumps, depth jumps with controlled height, and explosive bounding with gradual progressive overload (weekly increase in repetitions and intensity), and 5 to 8 minutes of cool-down with static stretching and deep breathing. The number of repetitions is 8 to 10 per set with 3 to 5 sets and 60 to 90 seconds rest between sets. Intervention group 2 (Traditional): Traditional strength training for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 8 to 10 minutes of warm-up with light walking, dynamic movements, and core muscle activation, 25 to 35 minutes of strength exercises with weights including squats with weights or body weight, forward and lateral lunges, light deadlifts, bench press with barbell or dumbbells, shoulder press, rotator cuff exercises for shoulder injury prevention, leg curls and leg extensions, and wrist and forearm flexion and extension with intensity of 60 to 70% of one repetition maximum in early weeks increasing to 75 to 80% in later weeks, and 5 minutes of cool-down with gentle stretching and relaxation. The number of repetitions is 8 to 12 per exercise with 3 to 4 sets. Intervention group 3 (Combined): Combined training (50% plyometric and 50% traditional) for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. Each session includes 8 to 10 minutes of warm-up with dynamic movements, core muscle activation, and light balance exercises, 15 to 20 minutes of strength exercises (squats, lunges, leg press, core stability exercises, and rotator cuff exercises), 15 to 20 minutes of plyometric exercises (vertical jumps, box jumps, single-leg hops, and lateral hops with emphasis on landing quality), and 5 minutes of cool-down with static stretching. The order of exercises is arranged so that muscle fatigue does not prevent proper execution of the plyometric section. Incidence of Upper and Lower Limb Injuries. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Volleyball Injury Registration Form (including injury type, anatomical site, mechanism, date of occurrence, and time loss from training and competition). Severity of Upper and Lower Limb Injuries. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (4 main questions regarding severity of problem, performance reduction, pain, and impact on training and competition; scored 0-100). Shoulder and Arm Pain and Functional Disability. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (13 items in two sections: pain and disability; scored 0-100, higher score indicates more severe pain and disability). Foot and Ankle Pain and Functional Disability. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of interventionسلام. Method of measurement: Foot and Ankle Disability Index (26 items regarding performance of various activities; scored 0-100, lower score indicates greater disability). Vertical Jump Performance. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: Vertical Jump Test (countermovement jump from standing position; measuring jump height in centimeters using Vertec device or My Jump 2 app). Agility. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: T-Test Agility (running in a T-shaped course; recording total time in seconds). Health-Related Quality of Life. Timepoint: Before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Method of measurement: 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (36 items in eight domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional health, and mental health; scored 0-100, higher score indicates better health status). Tarbiat Modares University Approved 2026-07-18 Research Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modares University Tarbiat Modares University, Shahid Chamran Blvd., Tehran, Iran Tehran Tehran Iran (Islamic Republic of)