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Study aim
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Evaluating the effect of perineural tramadol on postoperative analgesia duration
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Design
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This phase 3 study has been designed as a double-blind randomized clinical trial. The sample size is 60 and patients are divided into 3 groups, one group is for control and 2 groups are for the intervention.
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Settings and conduct
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The place for this study is Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, orthopedic operating room. One of the nurse assistants allocates the patients randomly into a group. The clinical nurse, the patient, the clinical evaluator assistant, and the anesthesiologist are blind.
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Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria
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Inclusion criteria: age 18 years and above candidate for arthroscopic shoulder surgery in full cognition state.
Exclusion criteria: Body mass index 40 or more, History of seizure, History of allergic reactions to drugs in this study
patients' refusal, pregnancy or breastfeeding, ASA class III or more.
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Intervention groups
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Control group: receives bupivacaine 0.25% and epinephrine solution in a total volume of 15 milliliters in interscalene block؛ Intervention group 1: Tramadol 100 milligrams is added to the first solution؛ Intervention group 2: Tramadol 200 milligrams is added to the first solution.
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Main outcome variables
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Pain score in recovery؛ Pain score in the ward at 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours post nerve block؛ analgesic requirements in recovery؛ opioid requirements in the ward during first postoperative day؛ time to peak postoperative pain scores.