Inclusion criteria:
BMI ≥ 40 kg/m², or ≥ 35 kg/m² with at least one comorbidity such as obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, hypertension, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, hyperlipidemia, Pickwickian syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), pseudotumor cerebri, gastroesophageal reflux disease, asthma, venous stasis, severe urinary incontinence, impaired quality of life, disqualified from another surgery due to obesity like surgery for osteoarthritis or ventral hernia repair or stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
Exclusion criteria:
age less than 18 years old, BMI < 35 kg/ m², diseases of the digestive tract, history of bariatric surgery, fundoplication, coagulation disorders, severe anemia (hemoglobin < 5 g/dL), and use of corticosteroids