Inclusion criteria:
unilaterally radicular low back pain
Completed informed consent to enter the study
Pain onset at least 8 weeks ago (continuous or intermittent)
Age between 18-60 years
Pain severity VAS score ≥ 3
Exclusion criteria:
Previous surgical history or RCLBP
Presence of paresthesia and specific pathology including spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, vertebral fracture
Having muscle wasting and weakness of the lower limbs• Having various myopathies
Fever, sweating and unexplained weight loss in the last few months
Long-term corticosteroid therapy
Symptoms of cauda equina syndrome including numbness and weakness of both legs, pain radiating to the anus, perineal numbness, sphincter paralysis
Having malignancy
Having an indication for emergency surgery with criteria including acute onset of motor deficit, perineal numbness, and bladder and bowel dysfunction in cauda equina syndrome
Severe osteoporosis according to history if there is a bone density scan T-score less than -2.5
Vascular problems of the lower extremities
Diabetes: Given that in this study, neuromuscular examination is not performed and there is no estimate of nerve involvement, diabetic patients were excluded from this study
History of hip fracture and dislocation
Known psychological disorders based on the patient's history including major depression, severe anxiety, psychosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and personality disorder
History of surgery and muscle and fascial tears in the lower extremities
Patients treated with blood thinners including warfarin and heparin
History of use of injectable opioids
History of rheumatic diseases