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Study aim
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To evaluate pain control, awakening time, and airway safety after simultaneous intravenous administration of fentanyl and morphine in patients undergoing elective posterior lumbar spinal fusion surgery under general anesthesia.
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Design
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Prospective, single arm, observational case series conducted at a single center. Sixty participants will be enrolled consecutively. No randomization or blinding will be performed.
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Settings and conduct
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The study will be conducted in the operating rooms and post anesthesia care unit of the study hospital. Participants will be followed from induction of anesthesia until 24 hours after surgery using a standardized perioperative care protocol.
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Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria
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Adults aged 18 to 65 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I to III undergoing elective posterior lumbar spinal fusion are eligible. Patients with opioid allergy, severe hepatic or renal impairment, chronic opioid use, substance abuse, severe chronic respiratory disease, pregnancy, breastfeeding, or inability to provide informed consent are excluded.
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Intervention groups
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All participants receive intravenous fentanyl at 5 micrograms per kilogram and intravenous morphine at 5 milligrams during induction of general anesthesia according to a standardized anesthetic protocol.
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Main outcome variables
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Pain intensity measured by the Visual Analogue Scale; awakening time from discontinuation of anesthesia to appropriate verbal response; airway safety including oxygen desaturation, hypoventilation, apnea, and need for airway intervention.