adults at National Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Islamabad, Pakistan Participants/Inclusion and

Study aim: The goal of this study was to determine the effect of Kefir supplementation of on clinical outcomes and immune response in COVID-19 patients. Design: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial with a sample size of 100 patients Settings and conduct: In this study, 100 adult patients with the criteria of being infected with COVID-19 after being admitted to the Corona Ward of Tehran Army Hospital 503 were selected based on the entry criteria and randomly entered into 2 study groups. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 Intervention groups: In the intervention group, participants received kefir grains (2-10%) to milk twice a day (250 ccs each time) for two weeks. Main outcome variables: Inflammatory factors and clinical status

Study aim: To compare the outcome of open kinetic chain and close kinetic chain neuromuscular training to reduce pain and improve functional status in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome Design: Two arms parallel-group randomized controlled trial in which 60 patients (30 in each group) will be assigned into two groups Settings and conduct: The sampling frame formed for all the diagnosed patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, presenting to the physiotherapy department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, and through a simple random sampling technique sample will be drawn. After taking consent from the patients, the patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be selected for the study. Patients and assessors will be blind regarding the treatment groups. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: All patients between the age of 18 to 30 years, diagnosed cases of Patellofemoral pain syndrome on the basis of history and physical examination will be included in this study. Patients with a history of surgery, trauma, dislocation of patella, degenerative joint disease, cardiac or locomotor disorders documented in history or history of any instability of knee due to meniscal or ligament injury confirmed by physical examination will be excluded. Intervention groups: Intervention group 1: neuromuscular close kinetic chain group. Intervention group 2: neuromuscular open kinetic chain Main outcome variables: Pain; severity of symptoms; functional status; Kaujala anterior knee pain scale; Q-angle

Study aim: To find out and compare the effect gong’s mobilization and mulligan mobilization on pain of adhesive Capsulitis patients. To find out and compare the effect of gong’s mobilization and mulligan mobilization on proprioception of Adhesive Capsulitis patient. To find out and compare the effect of gong’s mobilization and mulligan mobilization on sleep quality of Adhesive Capsulitis patient Design: The study was a single blinded randomized clinical trail Settings and conduct: The study was conducted in Benazir Bhutto hospital, randomly allocated 15 patients to Group A and 15 patients to Group B through sealed envelope method, to ensure fairness and randomness Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria Both male and female patients with age between 40-65 years. Patients with unilateral Adhesive Capsulitis. History of Shoulder joint pain and shoulder stiffness for more than 3 months Person with bad sleep quality, and diagnosed with ≥5 score in PSQI. Person with Abduction ≥ 50º 3.3.2. Exclusion Criteria Participants failing to fell in this category were excluded from the study. Participants with history of shoulder surgery Post traumatic shoulder pain & stiffness Recent History of fracture Diagnosed instability and history of dislocation Congenital abnormalities of Shoulder Systemic inflammatory conditions (RA) Intervention groups: The subjects were randomized into two groups with equal participants in each group. Each group was assessed at baseline and after 2 weeks (6 sessions per week) of intervention which included pain through VAS, proprioception through laser pointer angle reproduction test and sleep quality through Pittsburg Sleep Index. Experimental group 1 received Gong’s mobilization and experimental group 2 received Mulligan mobilization. Main outcome variables: VAS Laser-Pointer Assisted Angle Reproduction Test (LP-ART) for proprioception Pittsburgh sleep index

carried out at PAF School for Persons with Special Needs (PSNs) PAF Base Nur Khan Rawalpindi, Pakistan

sehat medical complex lahore Pakistan Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Crtieria

& 600 from Pakistan would be recruited by Simple Random Sampling (SRS). A valid questionnaire (Oswestry (...) of above mentioned questionnaires would be used for right hand drive drivers in Pakistan. In the

Study aim: Determine the effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing and education Self Knowledge Sources on life style .in Patients with type II diabetes. Design: ‏ 80 patients were selected randomly and randomly divided into two groups of 40 patients. Then, patients at the Firouzgar Hospital were exposed to motivational interviewing and patients at Imam Reza Hospital were trained by Self Knowledge Sources Settings and conduct: 40 patients from Imam Reza Hospital and 40 patients from Firouzgar Hospital will be selected randomly. For both groups, a preliminary pre-test is performed. Then, patients in the Firouzgar Hospital are are exposed to motivational interview for 10 sessions; and Imam Reza Hospital patients are exposed to Self Knowledge Sources for 10 sessions. Finally, the post-test is executed and the data is analyzed. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Aged over 35 Not having another chronic disease Having Type 2 Diabetes Exclusion Criteria‏ History of the disease less than 1 year Use of non-diabetic drugs Alcohol or substance abuse Simultaneously undergo another psychological treatment Except motivational interviewing and education Self Knowledge Sources Intervention groups: . In the first group, patients receive 10 sessions of motivational interviewing for 2 two hours.and the second group patients receive 10 sessions of education Self Knowledge Sources for 2 two hours. Main outcome variables: life style: , lifestyle is a combination of behavioral patterns and individual habits throughout life, including nutrition, physical activity, stress, smoking and the quality of sleep that arose after being socialized. The lifestyle is a multifaceted phenomenon that all The aspects of everyday life, sleep, food, health, customs, work, play, entertainment, time spent, consensus, thinking, behavior, feelings and emotions.

Study aim: Comparison of the effectiveness of two local anesthetic techniques of Inferior alveolar nerve block(IANB) and intra periodontal ligament injection of the pain during extraction of mandibular posterior teeth Design: Study is randomized clinical trial which is split mouth . we have 30 patients . In the split mouth method two symmetrical side of mouth is chosen for two different interventions hence the local factors are reduced and the sturdy will be more accurate. The study was two side blind which evaluator and patients weren't aware of the treatment groups. There were two groups of case and control. Settings and conduct: the study is done in tehran azad dentistry school and other clinics . the patients and evaluators are blind . Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: all the patients indicated for bilateral mandibular posterior teeth extraction Intervention groups: on the one side of the mandible Inferior alveolar nerve block is given and the other side intra peiodontal ligament injection is given Main outcome variables: Pain

The main target of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of β-D-Mannuronic acid in patients suffering from Rheumatoid Arthritis. Β-D-Mannuronic acid which is an anti-inflammatory agent, is ranked in the family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This agent has expressed qualified therapeutic effects with the greatest tolerability and safety in different experimental models like experimental model of Multiple schlerosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, nephrotic syndrome and acute glomerulonephritis. In this randomized controlled trial, 203 patients afflicted by Rheumatoid Arthritis, diagnosed based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Diagnostic Criteria that have active disease, will be examined. Furthermore, these patients should not have other concomitant diseases such as Hepatic, renal, cardiovascular diseases or malignancies. Written informed consent will be signed by the patients. Then Patients will be randomly divided into two groups (Treatment and Control group). Treatment group (112 patients) will receive β-D-Mannuronic acid 1500 mg/day (three 500 mg tablets/day)with conventional immunosuppressive drugs and Control group (91 patients) ) will receive placebo with conventional immunosuppressive drugs orally for 12 weeks. Medical history and clinical parameters including the serum level of CRP, ESR, RF and Anti CCP will be evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks after treatment. The manner of blinding in this study is so neither participants in the study nor the persons who perform the test will be aware of the intervention. In order to allocate the patients randomly into two groups mentioned above, at first 29 blocks of 7 with C and T letters (The letters indicate the Treatment and Control groups) are created. 4 patients of each block belong to the treatment group and 3 patients belong to the control group. Then the blocks are randomly selected and arranged to reach a sequential combination of 203 letters. Each letter will be placed in a sealed packet according to the obtained sequence

Study aim: Determination of the effectiveness of melatonin-containing mucoadhesive on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis Design: A clinical trial with a control group, with parallel groups, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 on 44 patients. Random allocation software 2 for randomization. Settings and conduct: Toouba Dental Clinic, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences How to intervene in the intervention group (with melatonin mucosal adhesive) and control (placebo): Mucosal adhesive 3 times a day (Morning, afternoon and night) for 30 minutes and removing then (In addition to the examination on the day of visit), the patient should revisit on the third, fifth, and seventh days to have the pain level with the Visual analogue scale, the size of the ulcer with the probe, as well as the length of the healing period In this double-blind study (researcher, analyst and participant) for blinding, codes A (melatonin) and B (placebo) will be generated using software. Finally, the codes will be placed in a sealed envelope and the sample number will be written on the envelope. These envelopes, along with the mucosal adhesive, will be in dark packaging with the same color and shape. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Men and women aged 18 to 50 years, with aphthous lesions (up to 48 hours from the formation of the lesion, with a size less than 10 mm and a diameter greater than 2 mm), lesions of the lips and buccal mucosa Exclusion: pregnancy or lactation, ulcers as a manifestation of a systemic disease, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, opioids, immunomodulatory agents, and analgesics Intervention groups: 3 pieces of mucosal adhesive will be glued daily (a total of 21), use for 30 minutes (without eating or drinking at the time of use) and removing then by patient Main outcome variables: pain; size of the lesion

Study aim: Determining the effectiveness of oral allicin tablets on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis Design: Controlled clinical trial, with parallel groups, unblinded, randomized, phase 3 on 60 patients. Randomization with random allocation software 2 Settings and conduct: Touba Dental Clinic, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Intervention method: In the intervention group (with oral allicin tablets) and control (placebo): 4 tablets (every 6 hours) daily (In addition to the examination on the day of referral), the patient must return on the third, seventh, and tenth days to assess the pain level with a visual analog scale, the size of the wound with a probe, and the length of the healing period. In this study, due to the garlic smell of the allicin-containing tablets, blinding will not be performed and the tablets will be provided to the patients after randomization. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Men and women aged 18 to 50 years; patients with aphthous lesions on the lips, buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth and tongue; maximum 48 hours have passed since the lesion formation. Exclusion criteria: Allergy to allicin; pregnancy or lactation; ulcer as a manifestation of a systemic disease such as Behçet's disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or acquired immunodeficiency; use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, narcotics, immunomodulating agents; systemic antibiotics use in the 2 weeks prior to study entry; the patient has a bleeding disorder Intervention groups: The intervention group will receive oral allicin tablets (400 mg, Dineh, Iran) containing 1100 micrograms of allicin, and the control group will receive placebo. The patient will take 4 allicin tablets (every 6 hours) (4.4 mg daily) for 10 days. Main outcome variables: Pain level; Ulcer size; Healing period

Study aim: Determining the effectiveness of ibuprofen-containing mucoadhesive on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis Design: Controlled clinical trial, with parallel groups, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 on 44 patients, Randomization with random allocation software 2 Settings and conduct: Touba Dental Clinic, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Intervention method in the intervention group (ibuprofen) and control (placebo): Use of mucusal adhesive 3 times a day for 30 minutes (without eating or drinking during use) (In addition to the examination on the day of visit), the patient must return on the third, fifth and seventh days to check the pain level with a visual analog scale, the size of the wound with a probe In this double-blind study (researcher, analyst and participant) for blinding, codes A (ibuprofen) and B (placebo) will be generated using software. Finally, the codes will be placed in a sealed envelope and the sample number will be written on the envelope. These envelopes, along with the adhesive mucus, will be in dark packaging with the same color and shape. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Men and women 18 to 50 years of age; having aphthous ulcers (within 48 hours of lesion formation, with a size smaller than 10 mm); aphthous lesions on the lips and buccal mucosa Exclusion: Pregnancy or lactation; ulcers as a manifestation of a systemic disease; taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, narcotics, immunomodulators, analgesics; people with diseases such as active gastrointestinal or cerebrovascular bleeding, uncontrolled heart failure, lupus, renal failure and liver failure or disease Intervention groups: In the intervention and placebo groups, the medication will be applied 3 times daily (the patient should refrain from eating and drinking for 30 minutes during use). Main outcome variables: Pain level; Ulcer size

Study aim: To investigate the effectiveness of extremely low frequencies (ELF) electromagnetic fields in the treatment of drug-resistant E. Coli-induced chronic bacterial cystitis. Design: Two-arm, parallel group, double blind randomized controlled clinical trial Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted in ID MEDICALS Moretti Roma, Italy Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Women, age 18 to 80 years, suffering from chronic E-coli indued drug-resistant cystitis will be recruited. Women with serious co-morbid conditions will be excluded. Intervention groups: Experimental group: Experimental group will receive electromagnetic fields, modulated at extremely low frequencies . For treatment, a sequence of signals (BSB) will be created. In order to emit the BSB sequence, a PEMF ion resonance generator, Seqex (SISTEMI SRL) mod MED (compliant with Directive 93/42/EEC and standard EN 60601-1 regarding safety and essential performance, CE Certificate issued by Notified Body CE0051), will be used. This can write signal sequences, store them on a card, and emit them, emitting sequences from 1 to 80 Hz, with 30 waveforms, and signal intensity from 1 to 100 µT at the source. A total of 8 applications will be performed, twice a week with a 48-72 hour interval between each session (i.e., Monday and Thursday). Control group: The control group will receive placebo. Placebo will be used by placing the applicators without emitting signals, thus patients will have no idea whether they are in the experimental group or control group. Main outcome variables: All participants will be tested for IL-6 and D-dimer (from a complete blood count), urine analysis (pH, specific gravity, urobilinogen, red blood cells, and leukocytes), and urine culture, detecting E. coli at levels greater than 100,000 CFU/ml.

osseodensification drilling (Charisma kit, Pakistan) and the contralateral side conventional drilling (DIO kit, South

Study aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of Terminalia chebula extract and Terminalia chebula powder combined with oat powder versus placebo on glycemic control indices and lipid profile in individuals with prediabetes. Design: This study is a randomized, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel-group, single-blind clinical trial conducted among 75 participants with prediabetes typ 2 Settings and conduct: This randomized, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel, single-blind clinical trial will be conducted among 75 individuals with prediabetes at the 501 Army Hospital in Tehran. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive placebo, black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) powder, or black myrobalan extract, with the latter two formulations combined with oat powder. They will consume one 6-g sachet daily for 6 weeks. Blood glucose and lipid profiles will be assessed before and after the intervention. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Diagnosis of type 2 prediabetes prior to enrollment in the study Fasting blood glucose greater than 100 and less than 125 Age between 18 and 70 years Willingness to participate in the study and signing of the informed consent form Intervention groups: Control group (placebo): Participants receive one 6-g sachet of a placebo daily, matched in appearance and taste, with minimal potential effects on glycemic and lipid parameters. Intervention group 1: Participants receive one 6-g sachet daily containing Terminalia chebula powder and oat powder. Intervention group 2: Participants receive one 6-g sachet daily containing Terminalia chebula extract and oat powder. Main outcome variables: Primary outcomes The primary outcomes of the study were: Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Fasting insulin Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) The insulin resistance index was calculated based on fasting blood sugar and fasting insulin values.

Karachi, Pakistan population referred to physiotherapy clinic. Before and after 6 weeks interventions