Study aim: To find the effectiveness of facilitated electric stimulation of two alternating patterns (abdominals cross hamstrings and lower back muscles cross quadriceps) on lower extremity pelvic tilts in stroke patients. Design: community based, parallel group, double blind, randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Allied hospital Faisalabad, Sahil hospital Faisalabad, Aziz Fatima hospital Faisalabad, Maqsooda Zia hospital Faisalabad Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria • All men and women will be included in study. • Hemiplegic stroke patients will be included in study. 32 • Age between forty five to sixty years old will be included in study. • Patient with static and dynamic sitting balance will be included. • Patients with static standing balance will be included in this study. Exclusion criteria • All patients had imaging tests to rule out their diagnosis for stroke during the acute stage. • People who frequently have strokes. • People who have cerebellar, brain stem, or bilateral hemisphere lesions. • People who suffer from severe spasticity or cognitive impairment. • Patients with peripheral or orthopaedic neuropathy, substantial vision field defects, or hemi neglect issues were not included. Intervention groups: both groups are interventional. Group A Abdominals cross Hamstrings and additional conventional exercises 3 days per week with 30 minutes. Additional conventional exercises will include lower limb joint mobilizations (including hips, knees, ankles and feet), stretching of lower extremity, and ROMS. Group B Lower back cross Quads and additional conventional exercises 3 days per week with 30 minutes stimulation each session. Main outcome variables: Functional gait analysis Modified Ashworth scale Ranges of motion Pelvic tilts Carbon foot prints to measure cadence

Study aim: The objective of this study is to assess the synergistic effects of majoon-e-suranjaan with and without isometric exercises in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Design: Pragmatic, community based, parallel group, single blinded, randomised controlled trial. Total 100 patients will be enrolled. Patients who met our inclusion criteria randomised into two groups. Control group-A and treatment group-B Settings and conduct: At Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences Multan after getting approval from institutional ethical committee. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patients of all ages, diagnosed RA, of both gender, and patients with swelling in joints and pain. Exclusion criteria: Patients with vascular neoplasia, fibromyalgia, radiculopathy, neuropathy, tumor, joint fractures, and vestibular problems were excluded. Intervention groups: Control group A will be treated with majoon-e-suranjaan only while treatment group-B will be treated with isometric exercises and majoon-e-suranjaan. Dosage of 5 gm twice a day of majoon-e-suranjaan given after meal in the form of paste taken orally. The isometric exercises given to group B will be upper extremity resistive exercises, resistive hand training with the medicine ball, elbow, and shoulder resistive training by dumbbells. Lower extremity resistive exercises i-e resistive knee training by pressing soft rollers and ankle weights—upper extremity theraband strengthening exercises and lower extremity theraband strengthening exercises. Main outcome variables: Pain, stiffness and physical activities will be main outcome variables. And at the end patient dependency and range of motion will also be assessed. By using WOMAC and NPRS scale, pain stiffness and ADLs were the variables to be assessed. ESR will also be monitored. X-ray will also be done for the assessment of the joints with RA.

: Study setting is Department of Physical Therapy, DHQ Hospital Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. The study

Study aim: To evaluate the efficacy of multimodal balance training with auditory cues on gait, balance performance, functional mobility, quality of life, and fear of falling in chronic stroke survivors. Design: A two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted at multiple centers. Settings and conduct: Conducted across the rehabilitation units of Islam Teaching Hospital and Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital. Outcome assessors are blinded to the participant group allocation. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Confirmed chronic stroke (>6 months), age 40-70, independent ambulation with/without assistive device, BBS score <45. Exclusion: Severe cognitive impairment, active lower limb orthopedic conditions, severe visual/auditory deficits. Intervention groups: Intervention group: Multimodal balance training with rhythmic auditory stimulation (metronome cues), 45 minutes, 2 times/week for 12 weeks. Control group: Identical multimodal balance training program without auditory cues. Main outcome variables: Primary outcomes: Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Secondary outcomes: Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) and Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SSQOL).

Abstract INTRODUCTION There is a great interest in vitamin-D supplementation that has recently grown; as the scientific community has reported extra renal production of calcitriol by cells in nearly all body systems and the presence of vitamin-D binding receptors in different tissues5 as the 1-α hydroxylase enzyme has been found in parts of the body outside the kidney1. A recent study in hemodialysis patients showed that 1,25-dihydroxvitamin-D3 levels increased after supplementation with nutritional vitamin-D, suggesting that even in ESRD there is enough extra renal 1-α hydroxylase activity to influence serum levels there by showing a role for nutritional vitamin D in patients with kidney disease6 OBJECTIVES 1. To find the effect of oral cholecalciferol supplementation on Bone Mineral Metabolism (25 hydroxyvitamin D level, Alkaline Phosphatase, intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), calcium phosphorus product(Ca x P)) and 2. To find the effects of its supplementation on marker of inflammation (C Reactive Protein, White blood cell count) and chronic musculoskeletal symptoms (visual analog scale). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study Design: Double blind Randomized controlled trail. Settings: The study will be carried out in the Hemodialysis Unit, Shaikh Zayad Hospital Lahore. Duration of Study: 2 months. SAMPLE SIZE: 70 , 35 in each group The sample size of 35 was estimated by using 95% confidence level, 90% power of the test with expected iPTH level at baseline and at two months 295± 90 and 249± 80 respectively24. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Lottery method SAMPLE SELECTION: Inclusion criteria Age more than 18 years On hemodialysis thrice per week for more than 3 months Both the gender Patients who give informed consents Exclusion criteria The patients with history of active bleeding (melena, hematemesis, hematochezia). Patients who have taken cholecalceferol or ergocholicalciferol within two months period, Patients taking cinacalcet Iv Iron in 1 month prior to enrollment Blood transfusion 1 month prior to enrollment during the study Any diagnosed malignancy, tubercular infection, sarcoidosis, pregnancy Calcitriol or activated Vitamin D3 or erythropoietin dosage adjustment 1 month prior to enrollment Patients having corrected serum calcium>10.2 mg/dl or having serum phosphorus >6mg/dl OUTCOME VARIABLES Serum level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D level, Alkaline Phosphatase, intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), calcium phosphorus product(Ca x P)C Reactive Protein, White blood cell count) and for Chronic musculoskeletal symptoms (visual analog scale).

and outcome assessor blinding. Study will be conducted in Mayo Hospital Lahore, Pakistan Participants

Study aim: To check the effects of virtual rehabilitation versus therapeutic exercises in improving the balance of the lower limb of post-stroke patients. Design: Randomized Control Trial Settings and conduct: Physiotherapy Department of Abdullah Hospital Lalamusa Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Age: 35 – 55 years. • Potential participants with 3 months post-stroke lower limb movement difficulties. • Ability to stand up with or without assistive devices • Patients with stable vital signs Exclusion Criteria: • Subjects with severe hypertension. • Lower limb amputation. • Patients with a history of Deep venous thrombosis or Pulmonary embolism. • Auditory or visual dysfunction. • If the patient has severe receptive or expressive aphasia that affects the ability to communicate with or give consent. • Significant cognitive impairment such as the ability to follow two-level commands. Intervention groups: Experimental group played video games using X-box and Kinect connected to the laptop. This group performed training for 35-40 minutes, 3 days/week for a total of 6 weeks times duration. The repetitions will increase according to the performance of the patient. Games were started from the basic level and the level was increased according to the patient’s performance. The training was done under the supervision of a trained physiotherapist to avoid any hazards. Main outcome variables: Balance

Study aim: To see the effectiveness of Mulligan mobilization with movement and corrective exercises and corrective exercises alone in scapular dyskinesia to evaluate level of disability of the affected limb after scapular winging. Design: Pragmatic, parallel-group, single-blind, randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: The trial is conducted in Allied, District headquarters, and Aziz Fatima hospitals, Faisalabad. Subjects are chosen according to inclusion criteria. Subjects are blinded as they don't know their treatment protocol and group. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Both male and female; aged 30-50 years; Patients diagnosed with distal radius fracture; Patients treated with closed reduction and plaster cast immobilization; Patients having distal radius fracture at least six weeks ago, after removal of the cast; Patients with scapular dyskinesis measured using lateral scapular slide test; Side to side difference of more than 1.5 cm considered significant. Exclusion criteria: Patients having complications after removal of the cast (e.g., compartment syndrome, Complex regional pain syndrome 1, carpal tunnel syndrome, wrist drop, neural or vascular issues, etc.); Patient having any shoulder pathology before fracture and after removal of the cast (e.g., shoulder pain, frozen shoulder, impingement syndrome, shoulder instability, bursitis, fracture, etc.); Patient having any radiculopathy or radiculitis; Patients having any neck problem (e.g., neck muscles spasm, wry neck, torticollis, etc.); Patient having any spine deformity (e.g., kyphosis, scoliosis, etc.). Intervention groups: Intervention group: Mulligan Mobilization with Movement for positional faults. Maintain the glide and 8-10 reps of arm elevation were performed in 1 set. Control group: corrective exercise. Main outcome variables: Distance of scapula from the spine.

- Physiotherapy Department Syed Medical Complex, Sialkot Pakistan. 2- Physiotherapy Department Sialkot College of Physical Therapy, Amin Welfare & Teaching Hospital, Sialkot Pakistan. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion

Study aim: The aim of this study is to check the effectiveness of finger movement exercises on hand grip strength and hand function among elderly individuals. Design: A randomized, double blinded clinical trial having parallel group design of 24 patients. Settings and conduct: Subjects of study from • Old Shelter Home Faisalabad. • Faisal Islam Foundation (old citizen), Faisalabad. • Fatima foundation, Faisalabad will be considered. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria Individuals who will be willing to participate by signing consent form, Male and female age ≥ 65 years, Conscious and able to communicate, No defect in upper extremity and able to give us measurement of hand grip strength, No disease that cause restriction to individual to perform exercise, Ability to remain in sitting position Exclusion criteria Severe impairment in cognitive function, Severe arthritis, Fracture and nerve injury in upper extremity, Any chronic illness, Systemic disease including diabetes and hypertension Intervention groups: Group A will receive resistance exercise with hand gripper as a baseline treatment and Group B will receive Finger movement exercises in addition to baseline treatment of resistance exercise. Main outcome variables: Primary outcome will be Hand grip strength and secondary outcome will be Hand function

Study aim: To determine the effects of Maitland mobilization and Mulligan medial/lateral glide on pain intensity, knee ROM and functional performance in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Design: Two groups, parallel group, double blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. Settings and conduct: Riphah College of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences The way forward day care centre, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION CRITERIA: Old adults ( age above 60 years) Male and female Patients who met the American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria for knee osteoarthritis Radiological evidence of knee OA grades 0 , 1 and 2 as per Kellgren Lawrence grading system Pain intensity of at least 3 on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Willing to participate in research project EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Infection or inflammatory disorder History of surgery or trauma on knee Malignancy Systemic illness Rheumatoid Arthritis Fracture, any situation which is contraindicate mobilization Osteoporosis Current use of any medication or physiotherapy treatment Cognitive impairments Intervention groups: Group A: Maitland mobilization with conventional physical therapy Group B: medial/lateral mulligan mobilization with conventional physical therapy Main outcome variables: Pain, Range of motion (ROM), Functional disability NPRS, Goniometer, Modified Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index ( WOMAC scale)

Study aim: To find the longitudinal effects of myofascial release with and without 8-Week Corrective exercise in correcting Upper Cross Syndrome. Design: This study will be Randomized Controlled trial. Settings and conduct: Shapes, Maxrehab, Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION Subjects between 18-28 years old male/female Rounded shoulder angle >52° Forward head posture/ Cranio-vertebral angle ≤ 50° EXCLUSION Patients will be excluded if they will exhibit; History of a shoulder surgery within the previous year. Joint diseases in the spine and shoulder. Not participating in two consecutive training sessions. Any red flags (tumor, fracture, metabolic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, resting blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm hg, prolonged history of steroids use, etc.) Having lower crossed syndrome. Having various upper extremity and /or problems (fracture history, tumor) cognitive problems. Intervention groups: GROUP A (Myofascial Release) For MFR therapy, the “cross-hand release” technique will be used. Collagen bands need about 90-120 sec to be released, at least 90 sec will be required for cross-hand release. Accordingly, MFR therapy will be applied twice each time for 90 seconds on the determined areas. With seven minutes of hot pack at upper back and anterior chest and patient education about faulty posture as baseline treatment. GROUP – B (myofascial release with 8-Week corrective exercise) Group B will perform corrective exercises plus MFR therapy for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week and each session for 60 min) under the direct supervision of the therapist. For CE+MFR group, training protocol included four parts of warming up, MFR therapy, main exercises, and cooling down and baseline treatment. Main outcome variables: Functional performance: Neck disability index (NDI) Pain: Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) Angle through Photogrammetry method

Settings and conduct: Kanaan Physiotherapy & Spine clinic, Shadman, Lahore, Pakistan Participants

generator. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted at Pakistan rugby union, Pakistan rugby

. City:faisalabad, Pakistan;study population:patients will be school teachers. Experience more than 2 years who

Study aim: This study plan outlines the detailed methodology for conducting a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and usability of a nitroglycerin 6% aloe vera gel for the treatment of angina. Design: Pragmatic, community based, parallel group, double blinded, randomized controlled trial. Total 144 patients will be enrolled. Patients who met our inclusion criteria will be randomized into two groups. Settings and conduct: • CPEIC Multan, a tertiary care hospital specializing in cardiac care. • Muhammad Rehabilitation Centre, Multan Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Patient at least 25-60-year-old. • Patient with suspected s angina pectoris who undergo coronary angiography • Chest pain • Symptoms of chest pain • Breast feeding mothers • Intestinal angina • Hypertensive patient • Abdominal infarction • Pregnant female Exclusion criteria: • severe myocardial infarction • Cardiogenic shock • Severe heart faliure • Hypersensitive to medicine • Severe hypotension • Cardiac temponade Intervention groups: Participants will be assigned to two groups. Group 1 will be given 6% nitroglycerin aloe vera gel and group 2 will be given sublingual nitroglycerine Main outcome variables: Primary Outcome: Reduction in pain, reduction in the frequency and severity of angina episodes, as measured by patient diaries and angina-specific questionnaires (e.g., the Seattle Angina Questionnaire ) AND ECG: ST-Segment Changes Reduction in ischemic changes on ECG. Secondary outcome: Changes in breathing pattern, reduction in shortness of breath

Study aim: To compare effects of Wobble board and CrossFit training on dynamic balance and chronic ankle instability in athletes Design: A Randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: Pakistan Sports Board (PSB). Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: participants: 34 INCLUSION CRITERIA

Study aim: In this study, we aim to measure the efficacy of oral itraconazole with sertaconazole cream versus oral itraconazole with clotrimazole cream in dermatophytosis Design: A randomized controlled trial with two parallel intervention groups; double-blind; phase 3; on 118 patients. Settings and conduct: Dermatology Department, PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patients of both, male and female genders, in age group 12-75 years with clinical manifestations of cutaneous dermatophyte infections (tinea corporis/tinea cruris/tinea faciei) and confirmation done with skin scraping positive for potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount. Exclusion criteria: Patients with age less than 12 years and greater than 75 years. Hyperlipidemia Abnormal liver function tests Pregnant and breast feeding females. solitary lesion which is less than 3 cm in diameter hypersensitivity to antifungals if patients are on any systemic medications known to have interactions with itraconazole superadded bacterial infections patients on immunosuppressive drugs patients who are known case of liver or renal disease Tinea capitis and onychomycosis Intervention groups: In Group A the patients were treated with oral itraconazole 100mg twice daily with topical sertaconazole cream. In Group B, the patients were treated with oral itraconazole 100mg twice daily with topical clotrimazole cream. Treatment given for four weeks or less in patients in which complete response is achieved. Main outcome variables: Treatment of Dermatophyte infections based on clinical response and microscopic findings using KOH solution.

Study aim: To compare the effects of myofascial release and ergon technique on foot function and balance in patients with planter fasciitis. Design: It was a concealed, randomized, single blinded, sham controlled clinical trial with a parallel group design of 18 patients. Settings and conduct: Study was conducted at Layyah city hospital of govt college university Faisalabad Layyah campus. The study population was consisted of patients with upper cross syndrome. The study was single blinded. The participants didn't know while they were receiving experimental or conventional treatment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Age 30-50 years, both Gender, positive Windlass test, pain in the morning when taking the first steps or after prolonged rest, having unilateral resistant heel pain Exclusion criteria: Individuals with a history of trauma, any systemic illness, like rheumatism, arthritis, fracture below the knee during the preceding year, prior foot surgery, positive diagnosis of fat pad syndrome or tarsal tunnel syndrome were excluded Intervention groups: Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups (Group A: MRT group, Group B: ergon technique group). The participants randomly allocated in Group A will be received myofascial release technique. Participants will execute this training after 15 minutes of ultrasound. This approach requires three sessions per week for six weeks. Group B participants will have received treatment includes ultrasound for 15 min and ergon technique. Main outcome variables: Foot function (Foot Function Index), Balance (Berg Balance scale)

Study aim: To compare the Therapeutic Effects of Neurodynamic and Active Release Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Design: It was a concealed, randomized, single blinded, sham controlled clinical trial with a parallel group design of 12 patients. Settings and conduct: Study was conducted at Layyah city hospital of govt college university Faisalabad Layyah campus. The study population was consisted of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The study was single blinded. The participants didn't know while they were receiving experimental or conventional treatment Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age is between 25-50 years, both gender, complaints of pain, numbness or tingling in the first three digits, positive Phalen’s Sign and unilateral Compression of Nerve Exclusion Criteria: History of Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery, Patients with median nerve involvement in proximal areas such as thoracic outlet syndrome, cervical radiculopathy, Steroid injection in the carpal tunnel, thenar muscle atrophy, metabolic diseases such as diabetes, severe thyroid disorders, anemia and pregnancy Intervention groups: Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups (Group A: Neurodynamic group, Group B active release technique group). The participants randomly allocated in Group A will be received neural mobilizations. Participants will execute this training after 10 minutes of infrared. This approach requires three sessions per week for eight weeks. Group B participants will have received treatment includes infrared for 10 min and active release technique. Main outcome variables: Disabilities of upper extremity (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire), Severity (Symptom Severity Scale)

Study aim: To determine the effects of facial neuromuscular retraining, with and without neural mobilization on facial symmetry and disability in patients with Bell's Palsy. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial, Single-blinded study design,the sample size will be 44 participants Settings and conduct: Trail will be conducted at General Hospital, Lahore Upon randomization, participants will be briefed on their respective therapy programs. The researcher responsible for outcome assessments will remain unaware of the group allocation throughout the study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Unilateral loss of facial weakness. House Brackman grades 3 and 4 Acute onset 1-3 weeks. No history of earlier Bell's palsy or diabetes(6) Exclusion Criteria: Stroke associated with Bell's palsy Pregnancy Any fracture, or tumor Facial surgery Skin allergy on the face Facial nerve palsy Intervention groups: Group A: will receive Facial Neuromuscular Retraining with Neural Mobilization and conventional treatment (Experimental group) Group B: will receive Facial Neuromuscular Retraining with conventional treatment (Controlled group) Main outcome variables: Facial symmetry Disability

Study aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of crystalloid preloading versus crystalloid coloading in reducing the incidence and severity of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension among women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia Design: Randomised, parallel group trial, sample size of 120. Randomisation was 1:1 ratio Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted as a single-center randomized controlled trial. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: inclusion criteria: Term pregnancy (≥37 completed weeks of gestation). Scheduled for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Baseline hemodynamically stable before spinal anesthesia. Able to provide written informed consent to participate in the study. exclusion criteria: Patient refusal or inability to provide informed consent. Contraindication to spinal anesthesia or planned general anesthesia. Significant renal disease or impaired renal function. Patients receiving significant intravenous fluid resuscitation before randomization Emergency cesarean section requiring immediate general anesthesia. Intervention groups: Crystalloid Preloading: Participants will receive intravenous crystalloid solution as a preload before administration of spinal anesthesia. The specified volume and timing will be according to the study protocol. Crystalloid Coloading: Participants will receive intravenous crystalloid solution as a coload, initiated at the time of administration of spinal anesthesia. The specified volume and timing will be according to the study protocol Main outcome variables: participants developing hypotension after cesarian will be compared between the crystalloid preloading and coloading groups.

Study objective: To evaluate the estimated dose and to determine the effective dose of bivalent snake antivenom immunoglobulins (IgG) in snake bite patients. The main inclusion criteria includes: envenoming by Saw Scaled Viper and Russell’s viper (Daboia Russelii); age above 18 years; 20WBCT shows incoagulable blood; with no (anaphylactic) reaction within 10-30 minutes after initial test dose of investigational product (test ASV); Patient or his/her legally acceptable representative able to understand the informed consent and enter into the study with their free will. The main exclusion criteria includes: patient refusal to take newly produced ASV as the core remedy; chronic or complicating medical conditions, any neuropathy, renal impairment, liver diseases, diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and any CV disease; hypersensitivity to horse (equine) or sheep (ovine) serum in the past and a strong history of atopic diseases (especially severe asthma). Study Population & Sample Size: Total twelve (12) Local Pakistani victims of viper snake’s bite will participate; six (6) of each specie; Echis carinatus sochureki & Daboia russelii. Intervention: Intravenous administration of Bivalent snake antivenom immunoglobulins (IgG) effective against Echis carniatus and Daboia russelli envenoming found in Sindh. Initial dose: 3 vials (30ml) for Daboia russelii and 1 vial (10ml) for Echis carinatus. Outcome Measures: The dose at which maximum patients are treated (permanent restoration of blood coagulability tested by 20WBCT at 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after dosing) with minimum toxicity. The secondary outcome includes the Incidences of anaphylactic like reactions, pyrogenic reaction and late serum sickness-type reactions

Study aim: Pain and functional outcome in knee Osteoarthritis Design: Randomization will be through lottery method, single blinded study will be conducted in which only patient would be blinded Settings and conduct: District headquarter Hospital Jhang Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Grade 1-3 on X-Ray according to kellgren-Lawrence classification of Osteoarthritis, crepitus with knee movement, 90-90 test positive, moderate pain on Numeric pain rating scale for both knees, functional disability between 32-64 on Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire. Exclusion: Neurological condition, Peripheral Vascular disease, recent sutures or fracture of lower limb, hypersensitive skin, patient receiving treatment at time of baseline assessment Intervention groups: Two groups, Group A muscle energy technique and group B Graston technique Main outcome variables: Numeric pain rating scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale

Study aim: patellofemoral pain syndrome Design: randomized clinical trial Settings and conduct: district headquarter hospital Jhang and Iqbal memorial hospital Jhang Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • 18-40 years adults having PFP for more than three months • PFP bring forth during clinical examination (patellar grind test, apprehension test) • PFP in at least two functional activities (sitting for long time, stairs climbing, running, squatting, kneeling and jumping) • Both male & female • Patients with moderate pain ranging from 3 to 7 Exclusion criteria: • Any lower limb surgery in past 6 months • History of dislocation or subluxation of patella in past 6 months • Allergy from taping • Chronic illness that may limit training • Knee osteoarthritis (patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joint) • Chondromalacia patellae • Pes anserine bursitis Intervention groups: two groups(group A & group B): both groups get 12 session with alternate days in 4 weeks. Main outcome variables: visual analogue scale and Anterior Knee Pain Scale