Study aim: Therapeutic deep tissue foot message with jasmine oil in diabetes and hypertensive patients and their effects on blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, insulin level, temperature, respiration rate, lipid profile . Design: Lottery method, community bases,parallel group, Double blinded,Randomized control trial.there were 393 patients were enrolled. Settings and conduct: Study was conducted at Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences Multan after approval from Institutional ethical committee. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Incision criteria : Age group of 25-70 years ,Both Genders (Male, Female), Educated and uneducated Diabetic patient, Hypertensive patients,Married and unmarried.Exclusion criteria: Any type of mental disability,Lactating females,Having any type of physical disability,Pregnant females,Any type of major surgery. Intervention groups: The three treatment groups were treated with therapeutic deep tissue massage with three ways: first group was treated with jasmine oil manually massage, second group was treated electric palm massage with jasmine oil massage and third group was treated with electric palm massager with-out jasmine oil. The deep tissue foot massage was applied by three ways on the feet of diabetics and hypertensive patients for 15 consecutive days. Each session was 30 minutes per day. Massage was applied for 15 minutes on each foot. After 15 days we were compare per and post blood pressure and glucose level in hypertensive and diabetics patients. We were measure objective data heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and glucose level and oxygen saturation. Main outcome variables: Increasing insulin and blood circulation in diabetic patients and was help in reducing mean of arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, respiratory rate, and increases oxygen saturation in hypertensive patients.

Study aim: to compare the effect of kabat technique vs facial neuromuscular re-education technique to reduce facial disability and synkineis in bell's palsy patients Design: parallel group, single blinded, randomized control trial Settings and conduct: OPD physiotherapy department mayo hospital Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: • INCLUSION CRITERIA: a) Age: 20-60 years b) Diagnosed cases of Bell’s palsy c) Non traumatic origin d) onset(0-6 months ) • EXCLUSION CRITERIA: a) Psychiatric patients or non-cooperative patients b) Patients complaining of other neurological deficits c) Post-surgical cases d) Neurotemesis e) Upper motor neuron lesion f) Any underlying terminal disease Intervention groups: group A kabat technique group B neuromuscular re-education technique Main outcome variables: syninesis and facial disability

Study aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing exercises and progressive relaxation techniques in patients having preeclampsia. Design: The design of this study is Randomized, parallel Controlled Trial. Randomization is done by lottery method. In this method, the researcher gives each participant of the trial a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to allocate participants in two groups Settings and conduct: This study is conducted at Arif Memorial Hospital. In this trial participants are blinded through concealment to avoid biasness. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Systolic BP ≥135 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg Preeclampsia female diagnosed by a physician Age group 25-40 Exclusion criteria: Chronic hypertension Contraction or leakage of fluid during the study Bleeding , heart disease, and renal diseases Intervention groups: All the subjects of the sample will be allocated to two groups randomly. Group A: Diaphragmatic breathing exercise , progressive relaxation technique and routine hypertensive medication Group B: only receive routine hypertensive medication Main outcome variables: Arterial blood pressure, Oxygen saturation.

Study aim: To Compare the effectiveness of aerobic and kegal exercises on menstruation related pain and fatigue in primary dysmenorrhea Design: The design of this study is Randomized, parallel Clinical Trial. Randomization is done by lottery method. In this method, the researcher gives each participant of the trial a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to allocate participants in two groups. Settings and conduct: This study is conducted at Rashid latif medical college. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria • 18-25 years old, young female • Bleeding time 3-10 days • Primary dysmenorrhea [patient are previously diagnosed] • Not taking any vitamin or mineral supplementation during one menstrual cycle before trial • Not practicing physical exercise [ more than 3 times a week ,for >30 min ] Exclusion Criteria • chronic disease[ heart disease ,respiratory disease ,asthma, nervous disorder etc ] • history of irregular cycles • history of gynecological surgery • women who use oral contraceptives Intervention groups: Patient of group A received aeorbic exercise Patient of group B received Kegel exercises Main outcome variables: The intensity of pain is measured by the numeric pain rating scale which is an accurate and reliable tool for measuring pain intensity symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea. Fatigue is assessed by an accurate and reliable scale i.e: fatigue severity scale.

Study aim: To compare the effects of therapeutic ultrasound and muscle energy techniques of piriformis and iliopsoas for coccydynia in pregnant females Design: The study is a concealed, randomized, blinded, clinical trial with a parallel group design. Randomization is done by lottery method. In this method, the researcher gives each participant of the trial a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to allocate participants in two groups. Settings and conduct: This study is conducted at Arif Memorial Hospital. In this trial participants are blinded through concealment to avoid biasness. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Age 20-40 years pregnant females Idiopathic coccydynia Subjects willing to undergo muscle energy techniques of piriformis and iliopsoas Exclusion criteria: Tumors Trauma Subjects with history of spinal surgery Intervention groups: The individuals are grouped in 2 categories; Group A will receive Therapeutic ultrasound. Group B will receive muscle energy techniques of piriformis and iliopsoas Main outcome variables: Pain is measured before the application of techniques using Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS).

Study aim: To compare efficacy of narrow band UVB in combination with oral acyclovir versus oral acyclovir alone in prevention of post herpetic neuralgia in patients with herpes zoster Design: community based, parallel group, randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Dermatology Department Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: ● Both genders ● Patients having herpes zoster as per operational definition, reporting within 07 days of eruption of vesicles Exclusion Criteria: ● Patients reporting after 07 days of onset of rash ● Patients having history of photosensitivity ● Patients who are unable to stand due to any musculoskeletal abnormalities ● Patients who are claustrophobic ● Patients in which genitalia is involved (L1 dermatome), as genitalia is usually shielded during nbUVB irradiation ● Patients in which scalp is involved (C2 dermatome), as because of hair scalp will not be properly irradiated Intervention groups: After taking approval from Ethical Review Committee of the hospital, 100 patients with informed consent, fulfilling the inclusion criteria from Department of Dermatology were included in the study. Randomization was conducted through sequentially numbered opaque envelopes generated from a random numbers table into two groups of 50 patients each. Each patient was assigned a number at enrollment which defined a study assignment (Oral Acyclovir alone vs Oral Acyclovir plus nbUVB). 50 sample size was for Oral Acyclovir Alone group, (Control Group / Non-UV Group) while 50 sample size was for Oral Acyclovir plus nbUVB group, (Study Group / UV Group) as well. Both groups were given analgesic Paracetamol for pain relief with addition of Gabapentin if required (depending upon severity of pain). Main outcome variables: pain relief using VRS at the end of treatment sessions and after 03 months follow-up period

Study aim: The aim of the study is to assess the effects of early phase protocol in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients in addition to conventional physical therapy protocol. Design: Two arm parallel group randomized trial with blinded postoperative care and outcome assessment Settings and conduct: Study will be conducted at Hayatabad medical complex, Khyber teaching hospital and Lady reading hospital, Peshawar. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patient underwent through ACL reconstruction surgery using hamstring and peroneus longus graft, Both males and females, aged 18 to 40 years. Exclusion criteria: Patients with medial collateral ligament injuries, meniscal injuries and infections, Patients with known neurological diseases, Patients with known cognitive impairment. Intervention groups: Group A will receive routine/conventional therapy while Group B will receive conventional plus Fowler Kennedy’s protocol. All the participants will be assessed for base line measurements i.e. range of motion to the opposite knee, joint swelling, neuromuscular control and muscle strength. Both groups will be followed for two weeks. Main outcome variables: 1. Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS) 2. Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) 3. Goniometer for Range of motion 4. Cincinnati knee rating system (CKRS) 5. Tegner Lysholam knee activity scale

Study aim: Effects of Muscle Energy Technique versus Bruegger’s Relief Exercise on the Forward Head Posture, pain, function and ROM among the electronic gadget users. Design: A randomized controlled trail Settings and conduct: DHQ Hospital Sargodha Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION: Age range 18-35 years, male and female, CVA<52. NPRS>3,NDI>10, usage of smart phones for 4 hours or more per day. neck pain due to sustained posture,after activity. EXCLUSION: Inflammation, neurological disorder, Neck pain radiating into arms, headache, surgery, VBI, trauma fracture, therapeutic intervention or medical treatment. Intervention groups: Patients randomly divided into two groups, 23 subjects in each group. After taking baseline assessment both groups A and B will be treated with Hot pack for 7-10 minutes and then Muscle energy technique will be performed, 4 weeks 5 sessions in a week MET applied to Upper trapezius, Levator scapulae, Scalene and the Pectoralis major muscles. In addition to this, Bruegger’s Relief Exercise, An elastic resistance band wrapped on each hand of the participant leaving the palm open then abduct and extend of thumb along with fingers, wrist extension and forearm supination, perform scapular retraction with shoulder external rotation, elbow extension, shoulder abduction, extension and chin tuck. Intervention will be starts from 10 seconds hold to 30 seconds with 2 seconds increment in every session. Rest time would be 30 seconds, 4 sets 12 times repetition. Treatment time of each session approximately 20-30 minutes Main outcome variables: Pain, Function, ROM, CVA

Study aim: Effects of primal reflex release technique and stretching exercises on pain and function in patients with coccydynia. Design: A randomized controlled not blind trial. Sample size 46 divided in 2 groups. Total 12 treatment sessions will be given to subjects. Settings and conduct: Setting: District Head Quarter (DHQ) Hospital, Sargodha. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: 1) pain in or around coccyx without radiation 2) tenderness on palpation over coccyx 3) age group above 20 including both male and females 4) difficulty in pain free sitting for long duration Exclusion 1) Patients with cancer or cysts in pelvic area 2) Any tumor, surgery or fracture, recent trauma 3) Pain in coccyx region referred from lumbar spine, pelvic floor muscles, degenerative disc, bony spurs, cysts, or infections etc. 4) neurologic signs/conditions, sensory paresthesia or motor paresis. Intervention groups: Patients will be randomly divided into two groups with 23 patients in each group. After taking baseline assessment both group A and B will be treated with hot pack for 10 minutes and then PRRT will be performed. Maximal muscle contraction for 10 seconds against manual force will be applied in a diagonal of hip flexion adduction followed by relaxation of 30 seconds. 1 set of 6 repetitions of contract relax each treatment session and 3 sessions/week on alternate days will be given for 4 weeks. Stretching will be performed for piriformis and iliopsoas for group B. 3 sessions/week on alternate days will be given for 4 weeks. Treatment time of each session will be approximately 20-25 minutes. Main outcome variables: Pain (Numeric Pain Rating Scale), Functional performance (Dallas Pain Questionnaire), Pain free sitting duration

Study aim: Compare the Effects of Comprehensive Corrective Exercises veraus Muscle Energy techniques in patients with Upper Cross Syndrome Design: Diagnosed patients of UCS will be randomly assigned. Participants were randomized using concealed allocation through opening sealed envelops and card inside envelop indicated the group into which participants was randomly allocated. After randomization participants took part in baseline assessment process, and then groups receive the interventions for eight weeks. All measurements were repeated after ending the interventions. Finally follow up assessment was performed after 4-week detraining period. The participants consisted of 52 men and women aged 20-35 years with UCS. The duration of exercise protocol was eight weeks and three sessions per week, and each session was about an hour. All exercises were performed under supervision. Group A: Follow Muscle energy technique with. Routine physical Therapy Group-B: Follow Comprehensive Corrective Exercises with Routine physical Therapy Settings and conduct: Federal Medical and Rehabilitation Centre Lahore. Single blinded study.Participants are blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients with UCS and neck pain history of 4-12 weeks are included. Any other impairement, cervical Surgery and history of trauma excluded. Intervention groups: The duration of exercise protocol was eight weeks and three sessions per week, and each session was about an hour. All exercises were performed under supervision. Group A: Follow Muscle energy technique with. Routine physical Therapy Group-B: Follow Comprehensive Corrective Exercises with Routine physical Therapy Main outcome variables: Pain will be measured by Visual Analogue scale (VAS) Disability will be measured by Neck Disability Index (NDI)

Study aim: To determine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching with and without scapular mobilization on pain, range of motion, and functional disability in frozen shoulder. Design: A randomized control not blind trial. Sample size 48 divided in 2 groups. Total 12 treatment sessions will be given to subjects in 4 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Follow up at 6th week. Settings and conduct: Setting: District Head-Quarter (DHQ) hospital, Sargodha. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age group between 40-60 years, unilateral shoulder involvement, ROM<50 %, NPRS>4, pain in shoulder for at least 2 months, both males and females. Exclusion Criteria: History of shoulder surgery, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, local corticosteroid injection into the affected shoulder over the last three months, malignancy, trauma, pathological conditions of cervical spine, elbow, wrist or hand. Intervention groups: Patients will be randomly divided into two groups with 24 subjects in each group. After taking baseline assessment, both groups A and B will be treated with hot packs for 10 minutes and PNF will be applied in two diagonals with 2 sets each with 20 repetitions with rest interval of 20-30 seconds between sets. In addition to this, scapular mobilizations will be performed in group B. 3 sessions per week will be given on alternative days for 4 weeks. Main outcome variables: Pain (Numeric pain rating scale), ROM (Universal Goniometer), Functional disability (SPADI)

Study aim: • To assess the effectiveness of Dual task training vs Nintendo Wii-fit among older adults. • To compare the quality of life and physical performance among the older adults in both groups Design: All participants will be informed about the study and signed written informed consent before interventions. Participants for the study will be recruited from well-known older homes of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. All patients will come about into two groups the experimental group 1 and experiment group 2, keeping the process completely randomized (sealed envelope method will be used Settings and conduct: Nijat Trust treatment center in Rawalpindi In this study simple random sampling technique is used by sealed envelop method Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: o Both male and female above 60 yrs. o Able to stand , no use of walking device o Mini mental status Examination those who scored more than 24 will be enrolled in study o Berg balance range 52 or less points out of 56 will be included 9 o Ability to walk 10m without the assistance of another person; Exclusion criteria: o Psychiatric disorder, inability to walk. o Who were unable to ambulate without assistive devices o Musculoskeletal impairment/injury o Medical conditions and medication affecting Intervention groups: There are 2 groups DTT group (Dual task training ) and NWT group (Nintendo Wii-fit group) 0 Main outcome variables: Berg balance scale, Time up and go.Physical performance test , SF-36 survey, The Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale

Study aim: To check effect of integrated neuromuscular inhibition technique on upper trapezius trigger points in patients with non-specific neck pain Design: Two arm parallel Randomized, single blinded, pre and post treatment outcome assessment Settings and conduct: It will be a signle blinded randomized controlled trial and outcomes assessor will be unaware of the treatment given to patients and it will be carried out at the jacobabad Institute of Medical Science Jacobabad, sindh. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: (1)Subjects suffering from non-specific neck pain. (2) Subjects will be required to have neck pain of less than 3 months duration as well as active TrPs in the upper trapezius muscle. Exclusion Criteria: (1)Patients with neck symptoms related to a motor vehicle collision or significant trauma (2)patients with signs of serious pathology (e.g. malignancy, infection, inflammatory disorder, or fracture) (3)Patients with signs of cervical spinal cord compromise (e.g. diffuse sensory abnormality, diffuse weakness, hyperreflexia, or the presence of clonus), two or more signs of nerve root involvement (e.g. dermatomal sensation changes, myotomal weakness) (4) History of neck surgery during the previous 12 months, and a history of cervical degenerative joint disease, endocrine disorders, and autoimmune conditions (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, etc.) (5) Patients who had received trigger point injections in the upper trapezius muscle within the past 6 months Intervention groups: It will be a randomized controlled trial in which people will be randomly allocated into either control or intervention group. Control group will receive Routine physical therapy while Experimental Group will receive integrated Neuromuscular inhibition Technique along with routine physical therapy Main outcome variables: Pain, functional disability

Study aim: To determine the effects of your shape virtual reality gaming on physical activity and cardiopulmonary endurance of young females Design: Pretest posttest single group design Settings and conduct: The study will be carried out in Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Shifa Tameer-e-Millat university, Islamabad. Subjects will be recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, allocated to single group. Pretest measurements will be taken of all the participants and then intervention will be given thrice a week for 8 weeks. Subjects will be reassessed after 8 weeks. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Healthy vitally stable females with age 18-30 years will be included in the study. The participants would not be having any systemic, cardiopulmonary, neurological or orthopedic issues. Subjects undergone any surgeries in past one year will also be excluded. Intervention groups: Subjects will be playing your shape gaming through Xbox 360 thrice a week for 8 weeks. Your shape includes variety of exercises including step touch, low leg combo, knee front, low squat punch, knee squat, low leg curls, sumo squats and push ups etc. There is also variation in difficulty level from easy to difficult with the passage of time. Main outcome variables: V02 max calculated through the formula 15(HRmax/HRrest) Energy expenditure calculated through VO2 max×5 Physical activity

Study aim: The aim of this study to see the effect of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for sciatic pain with herniation Improve patients quality of life Design: randomized clinical trails, parallel group single blinded with sample of 28 patients taking from single center Settings and conduct: Data will be conducted from OPD of Physiotherapy department of Madinah Teaching Hospital. in this study patient will be blinded to their treatment Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients of 30-45 years of age having moderate to sever low back and buttock pain runs down to the leg and have positive straight leg raising test and slump test and Patients have numbness or weakness and feeling of pins and needles in lower back, buttock, legs or feet and chronic condition last one to three months are included in the study Patients with acute pain, Spinal fractures, Previous history of any inflammatory disease, Presence of any implant, Pregnancy, Any malignant condition, Epiphyseal plate in the area, fixed contractures in lower limb, phobia from shockwaves, Any perceptive and cognitive disorders and Uncooperative patients are excluded from the study Intervention groups: total 28 patients are included in the study which are equally divided into two group 14 patients in treatment group (A) that receives baseline treatment including moist hot packs and mechanical traction for 10 minutes and then perform McKenzie exercises and then apply radial extracorporeal shockwave with frequency of 5HZ and 1000 shocks/session, three sessions per week for one month and 14 patients in control group (B) that receives baseline treatment including moist hot packs for 10 minutes, mechanical traction for 10 minutes then do McKenzie exercises (extension approach) without application of shockwave therapy Main outcome variables: pain, functional improvement

Study aim: To determine the effect of Wii-fit-based balance training combined with planter cutaneous sensory stimulation for balance control in older adults with diabetic neuropathy. To determine the effect of Wii-Fit based balance training alone in older adults with diabetic neuropathy To compare the effect of Wii-fit-based balance training combined with planter cutaneous sensory stimulation with Wii-fit-based balance training alone for balance control in older adults with diabetic neuropathy Design: Randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: The Diabetes Center. Single blinded Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Older adults age limit between 60-90 years. Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus for more than 1 year having neuropathy. Both genders. ( Male and Female). Exclusion Criteria: Dependence on others to complete activities of daily living.Loss of protective foot sensations.Comorbidities including visual impairment, cerebrovascular accident, Orthopaedic trauma, Labyrinthitis, peripheral vascular disease, Heart failure. Using the assistive device for ambulation. Intervention groups: The interventional group underwent conventional balance training for (20mins), Wii-fit Balance training (20mins) along with cutaneous sensory stimulations (10mins) which were given by using flannel cloth and brittle brush twice a week for the first four consecutive weeks. Main outcome variables: Balance

Study aim: To compare the effects of straight leg raising technique and slump stretching technique on pain, ROM and disability in patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy. Design: Single-blinded,clinical trial with a parallel group design of 28 patients. Lottery method will be used for randomisation. Settings and conduct: Study design will be Randomized Clinical Trial. It will be done at Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. It's a single blinded trial in which the participants are deliberately kept ignorant of either the group to which they have been assigned. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria  Between the ages of 30 to 50.  Having symptoms travelling away from the hips.  Provocation of symptoms with a straight leg raise test between 45 ° to 70 °.  Experiencing mild to moderate pain (2 to 6 in the NPRS) and baseline Modified Oswestry Disability Index (MODI) of score higher than 10%. Exclusion criteria  Present with '' red flags '' of critical spinal condition (e.g. infection, tissue, osteoporosis, fractured spine, etc.).  Pregnant women.  History of spinal surgery.  Inability to hold the advisory position of slump stretching, reproduction of symptoms on neck flexion during slump test examination, showing a straight leg test (SLR) less than 45°.  Lumbar spine pathologies such as spondylolisthesis, spondylolysis, spinal canal stenosis, spinal deformity, diabetes, infective or metabolic polyneuropathy, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic cause of back pain. Intervention groups: Group A- Slump Stretching Technique Group B- Straight Leg Raising Technique Main outcome variables: Pain intensity will be measured through Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Straight Leg Raise range of motion will be measured through Goniometer. Disability will be measured through Modified Oswestry Disability Index.

Study aim: The objective of the study is to compare the effects of Mulligan Traction Leg Raise versus Slump Stretching on Pain, Passive Leg Raise, and Functional Disability in Lumbar Radiculopathy Design: A concealed, randomized, single blinded, clinical trial with a parallel group design of 44 patients. Lottery method will be used for Randomization. Settings and conduct: It will be Randomized clinical trial Study will be conducted in Family Clinic Baghbanpura, Lahore It is a Single blinded trial in which the participants are deliberately kept ignorant of either the group to which they have been assigned or key information about the materials they are assessing Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Pre diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy • Age group of 30-60 years • SLR test positive • All subjects with unilateral or bilateral radiation of pain in sciatic nerve distribution • Female patients • Participants willing to participate in the study 2 Exclusion criteria: • History of spinal surgery in previous 6 months • Knee and ankle pathology causing limitation of movement • Clinical conditions such as over sensitive skin, patient with cardiac pacemaker, pregnancy etc, • Serious spinal condition e.g infection, tumors, osteoporosis, spinal fracture • Inability to hold slump stretching position, reproduction of symptoms on neck flexion part of slump test • Patients with cervicogenic headache, VBI, spinal deformities and ankylosing spondylitis Intervention groups: Group A : Mulligan Traction Leg Raise Group B : Slump Stretching Main outcome variables: Pain will be measured through Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) Straight leg raise range of motion will be measured through Goniometer Disability will be measured through Oswestry disability index scale

Study aim: The aim of our study is to determine the effects of vestibular stimulation on motor function and balance in children with hypotonic cerebral palsy Design: Two arm parallel group randomized trial Settings and conduct: Data will be collected from Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore. The study will be double blinded as care giver and assessor will be unaware of the treatment given to patient. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Children with age range from 5-10 years will be included in our study • Children who will have good head control • Patients with hypotonic cerebral palsy • Children who will be able to maintain ring sitting position. Exclusion Criteria: • Children will not respond to Visual and auditory stimuli due to blindness or deafness or severe mental retardation. • Children with uncontrolled convulsion or shunt. • Children with severe medical problems. • Children with orthopedic condition Intervention groups: Participants will be divided into two groups one will be control group which will receive only conventional physical therapy the other group will be experimental group and this group will receive vestibular stimulation along with conventional physical therapy. Main outcome variables: Gross motor function and balance

Study aim: To determine the therapeutic effects of phonophoresis with and without muscle energy technique on pain, functional disability, and range of motion among patients with degenerative cervical radiculopathy. Design: parallel-group, double-blinded, randomized control trial Settings and conduct: The outdoor patient department of the physical therapy department in the hospital. Both assessor of outcomes (fellow physiotherapist) and statistician ( data analyzer) will be blinded. They both will have no knowledge of the patient's group and treatment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: 1. Ages between 30 and 65 years 2. CR diagnosis with sub-acute history and physical examination findings. 3. Diagnosed CR patients referred from a physician. 4. Patients were diagnosed based on the prediction rule. i.e. (a) unilateral upper limb sensory and motor function dysfunction was observed (including muscle weakness, paresthesia, and sharp pain. (b)when positive results were found in three of these four tests (Spurling's test, The ipsilateral cervical spinal rotation less than 60 degrees, Distraction test, Upper Limb Neurodynamic Test 1). 5. Both male and female Exclusion criteria: 1. Diabetes mellitus 2. Peripheral and central nervous system disease 3. Polyneuropathy 4. Malignancy 5. History of surgical intervention on the neck area 6. Certain surgical indications (e.g., progressive neurological deficit). 7. “Red flags” (e.g. tumor, fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, prolonged steroid use) 8. Cervical spine injections (steroidal) in the past 2 weeks 9. Current use of steroidal medication prescribed for radiculopathy symptoms 10. bilateral upper limb sensory or motor complaints Intervention groups: the intervention group will receive the ketoprofen phonophoresis intervention along with muscle energy technique intervention. Main outcome variables: 1-pain 2- Range of motions

Study aim: To compare the anesthetic efficacy of articaine with lidocaine as an inferior nerve blocking agent in subjects with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Design: Two arm, parallel group, double blind randomised control trial Settings and conduct: Eligible subjects reporting to department of Operative Dentistry, Islamic International Dental Hospital (IIDH), Islamabad, during the study period will be enrolled in the trial and will be randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups through randomization software. This trial will be double-blinded so that neither patients nor the physician examining the patients will be aware of the anesthetic solution used. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Subjects of both genders, in good health, with no systemic disease that will interfere with the action of any of the anesthetic solutions being used, aged between 26 – 35 years. Mandibular posterior teeth requiring endodontic treatment due to symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, with no previous attempts of endodontic therapy on that tooth, positive to pulp sensibility testing (cold testing). Exclusion Criteria: Patients who have known allergy to amides or are taking any medication that will alter their perception of pain, patients suffering from any heart disease, diabetes mellitus, female patients who are pregnant. Intervention groups: Intervention group: subjects receiving articaine (1.7 ml of Septanest SP 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine each) as inferior nerve blocking agent Control group: subjects receiving lidocaine (1.7 ml of Lignospan standard 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine each) as inferior nerve blocking agent Main outcome variables: Pain relief after anesthesia

Study aim: To compare the effects in concentric and eccentric progressive resistive exercises on pain and disability in posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Design: A concealed, randomized, single blinded, clinical trial with a parallel group design of 30 patients. Lottery method will be used for Randomization. Settings and conduct: Haq Orthopedic Hospital, Rabia Welfare hospital, Kanaan Physiotherapy and Spine Clinic Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Age: 40–60 years • Current complaint of foot and ankle pain that has lasted for three months or more • Flexible pes planovalgus deformity in the clinical assessment • Pes planovalgus foot deformity with longitudinal arch flattening verified by radiograph Exclusion criteria: • Rigid foot deformity • Acute infection or alcohol addiction limiting participation in study protocol Acute use of local or systemic analgesics • Acute overuse or traumatic injury to the lower leg (excluding pes planovalgus associated pathology) • Prior surgery to the lower limb Intervention groups: Group 1 will receive stretching exercises and foot orthosis and concentric progressive resistive exercises (CPR Group) including plantar flexion and eversion of ankle joint. Group 2 will receive stretching exercises and foot orthosis eccentric progressive exercises (OE Group) including dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle joint. Main outcome variables: Pain and Disability: Pain will be measured through Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and disability will be measured through Pain disability index (PDI) scale.

Study aim: Effects of Muscle Energy Technique versus Bruegger's Relief Exercises on the Forward Head Posture, pain, function and ROM Design: Two parallel group trial with single blinded outcome assessment .Sample size was 24. Randomization was centralized and computerized with concealed randomization sequence carried out at an external site. Settings and conduct: District Head Quarter Hospital Khushab Road Sargodha. it is a single blinded study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Age:18-35 years, male and female, Craniovertebral angle <52. Numeric Pain Rating Scale >3,Neck Disability Index>10, usage of smart phones for 4 hours or more per day. Exclusion criteria: Inflammation, neurological disorder, Neck pain radiating into arms, headache ,Vertebrobasiliar insufficiency , trauma fracture, therapeutic intervention or medical treatment. Intervention groups: After taking baseline assessment, Groups A will be treated with Hot pack for 7-10 min and then Muscle energy technique will be performed, 4 weeks 3 sessions in a week MET applied to Upper trapezius, Levator scapulae, Scalene and the Pectoralis major muscles. Groups B will be treated with Hot pack for 7-10 min and then , Bruegger’s Relief Exercise, An elastic resistance band wrapped on each hand of the participant leaving the palm open then abduct and extend of thumb along with fingers, wrist extension and forearm supination, perform scapular retraction with shoulder external rotation, elbow extension, shoulder abduction, extension and chin tuck. Intervention will be starts from 10 sec hold to 30 sec with 2 sec increment in every session. Rest time would be 30 sec, 4 sets 12 times repetition. Treatment time of each session approximately 20-30 min Main outcome variables: Pain, Neck Disability Index, Range of motion and Craniovertebral angle

Study aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of Mulligan Mobilization in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Design: Single blind, parallel assigned, multi-centered, randomized clinical trials will be conducted on 48 participants (two groups with 24 participants each) with history of adhesive capsulitis post CABG as assessed by pain with limited activities of daily livings, and randomization is being accomplished using simple random sampling by means of lottery method. Settings and conduct: Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology. Participants are kept anonymous for conducting the single blind trial. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Male and female participants of age 40 to 60 years with restricted shoulder ROM post CABG, participants presenting with pain and restricted movements of shoulder (Lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation) and limitations in activity of daily livings were included. Participants with neurological disorders (e.g., stroke, Parkinson’s disease) leading to deficiency of shoulder muscles activity, severe trauma related to painful stiff shoulder, bony changes or osteoarthritis of the affected shoulder on radiographs, previous surgeries of shoulder ,manipulation under anesthesia of the affected shoulder and prior history of any diagnosed musculoskeletal issue of shoulder (Rotator cuff tendinitis, impingent) were excluded. Intervention groups: Group A: The baseline treatment will be ROM exercises and then we will apply Mulligan technique (Movement with mobilization). Group B: The baseline treatment for group B same as group A and then Maitland technique will be performed(Grade III mobilization). Main outcome variables: Shoulder pain Shoulder Disability

Study aim: To compare effects of spinal mobilizations with muscle energy techniques versus strain counter-strain in chronic low back pain due to spondylosis Design: Single blind, parallel assigned, multi-centered, randomized clinical trial will be conducted on 36 participants (2 groups with 18 participants each) with history of low back pain due to spondylosis as assessed by radiological examination and limited ranges of motion and randomization is being accomplished using simple random sampling by means of lottery method. Settings and conduct: Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Participants are kept anonymous for conducting single blind trial. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Both male and female of 40-60 years having chronic low back pain with or without radiation from at least last 3 months or onwards, Limited range of motion of lumbar region, Extension more limited and pain during extension and relieved by flexion, no neurological deficits, X-Ray showing signs of degeneration, 4-7 (moderate) pain score on VAS, moderate disability (21%-40%) on Oswestry Disability Index were included. Participants having prolapse with neurologic signs and symptoms necessitating surgery, Pregnant females, Spondylolisthesis and osteoporosis patients, mechanical strain, Fractures of lumbar region, Previous back surgery, Known rheumatic, neurologic, or mental diseases, red flags to manual therapy, other comorbidities were excluded. Intervention groups: Group A: Baseline treatment of hot pack then spinal mobilizations with muscle energy technique will be applied. Group B: Hot pack at baseline then spinal mobilizations with strain counter-strain will be applied. Main outcome variables: Lumber pain Lumber ranges of motion Lumber disability