Study aim: • To assess the effectiveness of Dual task training vs Nintendo Wii-fit among older adults. • To compare the quality of life and physical performance among the older adults in both groups Design: All participants will be informed about the study and signed written informed consent before interventions. Participants for the study will be recruited from well-known older homes of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. All patients will come about into two groups the experimental group 1 and experiment group 2, keeping the process completely randomized (sealed envelope method will be used Settings and conduct: Nijat Trust treatment center in Rawalpindi In this study simple random sampling technique is used by sealed envelop method Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: o Both male and female above 60 yrs. o Able to stand , no use of walking device o Mini mental status Examination those who scored more than 24 will be enrolled in study o Berg balance range 52 or less points out of 56 will be included 9 o Ability to walk 10m without the assistance of another person; Exclusion criteria: o Psychiatric disorder, inability to walk. o Who were unable to ambulate without assistive devices o Musculoskeletal impairment/injury o Medical conditions and medication affecting Intervention groups: There are 2 groups DTT group (Dual task training ) and NWT group (Nintendo Wii-fit group) 0 Main outcome variables: Berg balance scale, Time up and go.Physical performance test , SF-36 survey, The Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale

Study aim: To check effect of integrated neuromuscular inhibition technique on upper trapezius trigger points in patients with non-specific neck pain Design: Two arm parallel Randomized, single blinded, pre and post treatment outcome assessment Settings and conduct: It will be a signle blinded randomized controlled trial and outcomes assessor will be unaware of the treatment given to patients and it will be carried out at the jacobabad Institute of Medical Science Jacobabad, sindh. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: (1)Subjects suffering from non-specific neck pain. (2) Subjects will be required to have neck pain of less than 3 months duration as well as active TrPs in the upper trapezius muscle. Exclusion Criteria: (1)Patients with neck symptoms related to a motor vehicle collision or significant trauma (2)patients with signs of serious pathology (e.g. malignancy, infection, inflammatory disorder, or fracture) (3)Patients with signs of cervical spinal cord compromise (e.g. diffuse sensory abnormality, diffuse weakness, hyperreflexia, or the presence of clonus), two or more signs of nerve root involvement (e.g. dermatomal sensation changes, myotomal weakness) (4) History of neck surgery during the previous 12 months, and a history of cervical degenerative joint disease, endocrine disorders, and autoimmune conditions (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, etc.) (5) Patients who had received trigger point injections in the upper trapezius muscle within the past 6 months Intervention groups: It will be a randomized controlled trial in which people will be randomly allocated into either control or intervention group. Control group will receive Routine physical therapy while Experimental Group will receive integrated Neuromuscular inhibition Technique along with routine physical therapy Main outcome variables: Pain, functional disability

Study aim: To determine the effects of your shape virtual reality gaming on physical activity and cardiopulmonary endurance of young females Design: Pretest posttest single group design Settings and conduct: The study will be carried out in Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Shifa Tameer-e-Millat university, Islamabad. Subjects will be recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, allocated to single group. Pretest measurements will be taken of all the participants and then intervention will be given thrice a week for 8 weeks. Subjects will be reassessed after 8 weeks. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Healthy vitally stable females with age 18-30 years will be included in the study. The participants would not be having any systemic, cardiopulmonary, neurological or orthopedic issues. Subjects undergone any surgeries in past one year will also be excluded. Intervention groups: Subjects will be playing your shape gaming through Xbox 360 thrice a week for 8 weeks. Your shape includes variety of exercises including step touch, low leg combo, knee front, low squat punch, knee squat, low leg curls, sumo squats and push ups etc. There is also variation in difficulty level from easy to difficult with the passage of time. Main outcome variables: V02 max calculated through the formula 15(HRmax/HRrest) Energy expenditure calculated through VO2 max×5 Physical activity

Study aim: The aim of this study to see the effect of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for sciatic pain with herniation Improve patients quality of life Design: randomized clinical trails, parallel group single blinded with sample of 28 patients taking from single center Settings and conduct: Data will be conducted from OPD of Physiotherapy department of Madinah Teaching Hospital. in this study patient will be blinded to their treatment Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients of 30-45 years of age having moderate to sever low back and buttock pain runs down to the leg and have positive straight leg raising test and slump test and Patients have numbness or weakness and feeling of pins and needles in lower back, buttock, legs or feet and chronic condition last one to three months are included in the study Patients with acute pain, Spinal fractures, Previous history of any inflammatory disease, Presence of any implant, Pregnancy, Any malignant condition, Epiphyseal plate in the area, fixed contractures in lower limb, phobia from shockwaves, Any perceptive and cognitive disorders and Uncooperative patients are excluded from the study Intervention groups: total 28 patients are included in the study which are equally divided into two group 14 patients in treatment group (A) that receives baseline treatment including moist hot packs and mechanical traction for 10 minutes and then perform McKenzie exercises and then apply radial extracorporeal shockwave with frequency of 5HZ and 1000 shocks/session, three sessions per week for one month and 14 patients in control group (B) that receives baseline treatment including moist hot packs for 10 minutes, mechanical traction for 10 minutes then do McKenzie exercises (extension approach) without application of shockwave therapy Main outcome variables: pain, functional improvement

Study aim: To determine the effect of Wii-fit-based balance training combined with planter cutaneous sensory stimulation for balance control in older adults with diabetic neuropathy. To determine the effect of Wii-Fit based balance training alone in older adults with diabetic neuropathy To compare the effect of Wii-fit-based balance training combined with planter cutaneous sensory stimulation with Wii-fit-based balance training alone for balance control in older adults with diabetic neuropathy Design: Randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: The Diabetes Center. Single blinded Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Older adults age limit between 60-90 years. Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus for more than 1 year having neuropathy. Both genders. ( Male and Female). Exclusion Criteria: Dependence on others to complete activities of daily living.Loss of protective foot sensations.Comorbidities including visual impairment, cerebrovascular accident, Orthopaedic trauma, Labyrinthitis, peripheral vascular disease, Heart failure. Using the assistive device for ambulation. Intervention groups: The interventional group underwent conventional balance training for (20mins), Wii-fit Balance training (20mins) along with cutaneous sensory stimulations (10mins) which were given by using flannel cloth and brittle brush twice a week for the first four consecutive weeks. Main outcome variables: Balance

Study aim: To compare the effects of straight leg raising technique and slump stretching technique on pain, ROM and disability in patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy. Design: Single-blinded,clinical trial with a parallel group design of 28 patients. Lottery method will be used for randomisation. Settings and conduct: Study design will be Randomized Clinical Trial. It will be done at Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. It's a single blinded trial in which the participants are deliberately kept ignorant of either the group to which they have been assigned. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria  Between the ages of 30 to 50.  Having symptoms travelling away from the hips.  Provocation of symptoms with a straight leg raise test between 45 ° to 70 °.  Experiencing mild to moderate pain (2 to 6 in the NPRS) and baseline Modified Oswestry Disability Index (MODI) of score higher than 10%. Exclusion criteria  Present with '' red flags '' of critical spinal condition (e.g. infection, tissue, osteoporosis, fractured spine, etc.).  Pregnant women.  History of spinal surgery.  Inability to hold the advisory position of slump stretching, reproduction of symptoms on neck flexion during slump test examination, showing a straight leg test (SLR) less than 45°.  Lumbar spine pathologies such as spondylolisthesis, spondylolysis, spinal canal stenosis, spinal deformity, diabetes, infective or metabolic polyneuropathy, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic cause of back pain. Intervention groups: Group A- Slump Stretching Technique Group B- Straight Leg Raising Technique Main outcome variables: Pain intensity will be measured through Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Straight Leg Raise range of motion will be measured through Goniometer. Disability will be measured through Modified Oswestry Disability Index.

Study aim: The objective of the study is to compare the effects of Mulligan Traction Leg Raise versus Slump Stretching on Pain, Passive Leg Raise, and Functional Disability in Lumbar Radiculopathy Design: A concealed, randomized, single blinded, clinical trial with a parallel group design of 44 patients. Lottery method will be used for Randomization. Settings and conduct: It will be Randomized clinical trial Study will be conducted in Family Clinic Baghbanpura, Lahore It is a Single blinded trial in which the participants are deliberately kept ignorant of either the group to which they have been assigned or key information about the materials they are assessing Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Pre diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy • Age group of 30-60 years • SLR test positive • All subjects with unilateral or bilateral radiation of pain in sciatic nerve distribution • Female patients • Participants willing to participate in the study 2 Exclusion criteria: • History of spinal surgery in previous 6 months • Knee and ankle pathology causing limitation of movement • Clinical conditions such as over sensitive skin, patient with cardiac pacemaker, pregnancy etc, • Serious spinal condition e.g infection, tumors, osteoporosis, spinal fracture • Inability to hold slump stretching position, reproduction of symptoms on neck flexion part of slump test • Patients with cervicogenic headache, VBI, spinal deformities and ankylosing spondylitis Intervention groups: Group A : Mulligan Traction Leg Raise Group B : Slump Stretching Main outcome variables: Pain will be measured through Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) Straight leg raise range of motion will be measured through Goniometer Disability will be measured through Oswestry disability index scale

Study aim: The aim of our study is to determine the effects of vestibular stimulation on motor function and balance in children with hypotonic cerebral palsy Design: Two arm parallel group randomized trial Settings and conduct: Data will be collected from Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore. The study will be double blinded as care giver and assessor will be unaware of the treatment given to patient. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Children with age range from 5-10 years will be included in our study • Children who will have good head control • Patients with hypotonic cerebral palsy • Children who will be able to maintain ring sitting position. Exclusion Criteria: • Children will not respond to Visual and auditory stimuli due to blindness or deafness or severe mental retardation. • Children with uncontrolled convulsion or shunt. • Children with severe medical problems. • Children with orthopedic condition Intervention groups: Participants will be divided into two groups one will be control group which will receive only conventional physical therapy the other group will be experimental group and this group will receive vestibular stimulation along with conventional physical therapy. Main outcome variables: Gross motor function and balance

Study aim: To determine the therapeutic effects of phonophoresis with and without muscle energy technique on pain, functional disability, and range of motion among patients with degenerative cervical radiculopathy. Design: parallel-group, double-blinded, randomized control trial Settings and conduct: The outdoor patient department of the physical therapy department in the hospital. Both assessor of outcomes (fellow physiotherapist) and statistician ( data analyzer) will be blinded. They both will have no knowledge of the patient's group and treatment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: 1. Ages between 30 and 65 years 2. CR diagnosis with sub-acute history and physical examination findings. 3. Diagnosed CR patients referred from a physician. 4. Patients were diagnosed based on the prediction rule. i.e. (a) unilateral upper limb sensory and motor function dysfunction was observed (including muscle weakness, paresthesia, and sharp pain. (b)when positive results were found in three of these four tests (Spurling's test, The ipsilateral cervical spinal rotation less than 60 degrees, Distraction test, Upper Limb Neurodynamic Test 1). 5. Both male and female Exclusion criteria: 1. Diabetes mellitus 2. Peripheral and central nervous system disease 3. Polyneuropathy 4. Malignancy 5. History of surgical intervention on the neck area 6. Certain surgical indications (e.g., progressive neurological deficit). 7. “Red flags” (e.g. tumor, fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, prolonged steroid use) 8. Cervical spine injections (steroidal) in the past 2 weeks 9. Current use of steroidal medication prescribed for radiculopathy symptoms 10. bilateral upper limb sensory or motor complaints Intervention groups: the intervention group will receive the ketoprofen phonophoresis intervention along with muscle energy technique intervention. Main outcome variables: 1-pain 2- Range of motions

Study aim: To compare the anesthetic efficacy of articaine with lidocaine as an inferior nerve blocking agent in subjects with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Design: Two arm, parallel group, double blind randomised control trial Settings and conduct: Eligible subjects reporting to department of Operative Dentistry, Islamic International Dental Hospital (IIDH), Islamabad, during the study period will be enrolled in the trial and will be randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups through randomization software. This trial will be double-blinded so that neither patients nor the physician examining the patients will be aware of the anesthetic solution used. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Subjects of both genders, in good health, with no systemic disease that will interfere with the action of any of the anesthetic solutions being used, aged between 26 – 35 years. Mandibular posterior teeth requiring endodontic treatment due to symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, with no previous attempts of endodontic therapy on that tooth, positive to pulp sensibility testing (cold testing). Exclusion Criteria: Patients who have known allergy to amides or are taking any medication that will alter their perception of pain, patients suffering from any heart disease, diabetes mellitus, female patients who are pregnant. Intervention groups: Intervention group: subjects receiving articaine (1.7 ml of Septanest SP 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine each) as inferior nerve blocking agent Control group: subjects receiving lidocaine (1.7 ml of Lignospan standard 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine each) as inferior nerve blocking agent Main outcome variables: Pain relief after anesthesia

Study aim: To compare the effects in concentric and eccentric progressive resistive exercises on pain and disability in posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Design: A concealed, randomized, single blinded, clinical trial with a parallel group design of 30 patients. Lottery method will be used for Randomization. Settings and conduct: Haq Orthopedic Hospital, Rabia Welfare hospital, Kanaan Physiotherapy and Spine Clinic Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: • Age: 40–60 years • Current complaint of foot and ankle pain that has lasted for three months or more • Flexible pes planovalgus deformity in the clinical assessment • Pes planovalgus foot deformity with longitudinal arch flattening verified by radiograph Exclusion criteria: • Rigid foot deformity • Acute infection or alcohol addiction limiting participation in study protocol Acute use of local or systemic analgesics • Acute overuse or traumatic injury to the lower leg (excluding pes planovalgus associated pathology) • Prior surgery to the lower limb Intervention groups: Group 1 will receive stretching exercises and foot orthosis and concentric progressive resistive exercises (CPR Group) including plantar flexion and eversion of ankle joint. Group 2 will receive stretching exercises and foot orthosis eccentric progressive exercises (OE Group) including dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle joint. Main outcome variables: Pain and Disability: Pain will be measured through Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and disability will be measured through Pain disability index (PDI) scale.

Study aim: Effects of Muscle Energy Technique versus Bruegger's Relief Exercises on the Forward Head Posture, pain, function and ROM Design: Two parallel group trial with single blinded outcome assessment .Sample size was 24. Randomization was centralized and computerized with concealed randomization sequence carried out at an external site. Settings and conduct: District Head Quarter Hospital Khushab Road Sargodha. it is a single blinded study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Age:18-35 years, male and female, Craniovertebral angle <52. Numeric Pain Rating Scale >3,Neck Disability Index>10, usage of smart phones for 4 hours or more per day. Exclusion criteria: Inflammation, neurological disorder, Neck pain radiating into arms, headache ,Vertebrobasiliar insufficiency , trauma fracture, therapeutic intervention or medical treatment. Intervention groups: After taking baseline assessment, Groups A will be treated with Hot pack for 7-10 min and then Muscle energy technique will be performed, 4 weeks 3 sessions in a week MET applied to Upper trapezius, Levator scapulae, Scalene and the Pectoralis major muscles. Groups B will be treated with Hot pack for 7-10 min and then , Bruegger’s Relief Exercise, An elastic resistance band wrapped on each hand of the participant leaving the palm open then abduct and extend of thumb along with fingers, wrist extension and forearm supination, perform scapular retraction with shoulder external rotation, elbow extension, shoulder abduction, extension and chin tuck. Intervention will be starts from 10 sec hold to 30 sec with 2 sec increment in every session. Rest time would be 30 sec, 4 sets 12 times repetition. Treatment time of each session approximately 20-30 min Main outcome variables: Pain, Neck Disability Index, Range of motion and Craniovertebral angle

Study aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of Mulligan Mobilization in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Design: Single blind, parallel assigned, multi-centered, randomized clinical trials will be conducted on 48 participants (two groups with 24 participants each) with history of adhesive capsulitis post CABG as assessed by pain with limited activities of daily livings, and randomization is being accomplished using simple random sampling by means of lottery method. Settings and conduct: Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology. Participants are kept anonymous for conducting the single blind trial. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Male and female participants of age 40 to 60 years with restricted shoulder ROM post CABG, participants presenting with pain and restricted movements of shoulder (Lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation) and limitations in activity of daily livings were included. Participants with neurological disorders (e.g., stroke, Parkinson’s disease) leading to deficiency of shoulder muscles activity, severe trauma related to painful stiff shoulder, bony changes or osteoarthritis of the affected shoulder on radiographs, previous surgeries of shoulder ,manipulation under anesthesia of the affected shoulder and prior history of any diagnosed musculoskeletal issue of shoulder (Rotator cuff tendinitis, impingent) were excluded. Intervention groups: Group A: The baseline treatment will be ROM exercises and then we will apply Mulligan technique (Movement with mobilization). Group B: The baseline treatment for group B same as group A and then Maitland technique will be performed(Grade III mobilization). Main outcome variables: Shoulder pain Shoulder Disability

Study aim: To compare effects of spinal mobilizations with muscle energy techniques versus strain counter-strain in chronic low back pain due to spondylosis Design: Single blind, parallel assigned, multi-centered, randomized clinical trial will be conducted on 36 participants (2 groups with 18 participants each) with history of low back pain due to spondylosis as assessed by radiological examination and limited ranges of motion and randomization is being accomplished using simple random sampling by means of lottery method. Settings and conduct: Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Participants are kept anonymous for conducting single blind trial. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Both male and female of 40-60 years having chronic low back pain with or without radiation from at least last 3 months or onwards, Limited range of motion of lumbar region, Extension more limited and pain during extension and relieved by flexion, no neurological deficits, X-Ray showing signs of degeneration, 4-7 (moderate) pain score on VAS, moderate disability (21%-40%) on Oswestry Disability Index were included. Participants having prolapse with neurologic signs and symptoms necessitating surgery, Pregnant females, Spondylolisthesis and osteoporosis patients, mechanical strain, Fractures of lumbar region, Previous back surgery, Known rheumatic, neurologic, or mental diseases, red flags to manual therapy, other comorbidities were excluded. Intervention groups: Group A: Baseline treatment of hot pack then spinal mobilizations with muscle energy technique will be applied. Group B: Hot pack at baseline then spinal mobilizations with strain counter-strain will be applied. Main outcome variables: Lumber pain Lumber ranges of motion Lumber disability

Study aim: To evaluate the effects of Maitland mobilizations and posterior pelvic tilting exercises on sciatica due to lumbar spondylosis Design: Single blind, parallel assigned, single centred, randomized clinical trial that will be conducted on 38 participants with diagnosed lumber spondylosis and associated sciatica, and the randomization being accomplished using simple random sampling by means of lottery method Settings and conduct: DHQ hospital sheikhpura. the participants are kept anonymous for conducting the single-blind trial Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients aged between 45-60 years, Both males and females, having lumber spondylosis and associated sciatica, lumber disk degeneration, Sciatic pain (Numeric pain rating scale from 3-7), Chronic low back pain, with straight leg raise test(SLR) positive and Confirmed degenerative changes of lumber spine on X-ray, Osteoarthritis of peripheral joints were included in the study. Patients having spondylolisthesis or spondylolysis,Tumors of spine, Spine infection, Ankylosing spondylitis, Severe cases of spinal stenosis, Fractures of spine, Having any spinal surgery, Bone conditions like osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, Blood coagulation defects, Cervical myelopathy , co morbidities like diabetes, hepatitis, Autoimmune disorders, Gout, Any neurological deficit other than sciatic, Referred visceral pain and pregnant females were excluded from the study Intervention groups: Group A : Participants will receive therapeutic ultrasound over low back area then Maitland mobilizations over affected vertebrae of Lumber spine and posterior pelvic tilting exercises.Group B: Participants will receive therapeutic ultrasound over low back and posterior pelvic tilting exercises Main outcome variables: sciatic pain

Study aim: Investigating the immediate effects of Mulligan Bent Leg Raise in improving pain and hamstring flexibility in patients with Non-specific low back pain Design: Two parallel group undergoing randomised trial with a blinded assessor and pre and post outcome assessment Settings and conduct: For this study Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar was selected as the setting with the trial undertaken in the physiotherapy dept. Only assessor was blind Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion: Non-specific low back pain: chronic pain Limited SLR; tight hamstrings Exclusion: Systemic problems Neurologically compromised Mental issues Recent surgery; disability; medications Acute disc prolapse Intervention groups: In Mulligan Bent Leg Raise, the patient lies supine and is on the plinth edge with hip and knee of the affected lower extremity in 90° flexion while the physiotherapist stands with a walk stance with the affected extremity. The physiotherapist’s shoulder (near the affected side) will be under the participant’s popliteal fossa and the physiotherapist will clasp (using both hands) the participant’s thigh lower end. For the procedure, initially a length-wise traction is enforced and then hip flexion is added until physiotherapist feels resistance. If, during the process, participants feel pain then the therapist abducts or laterally rotates the hip by either adding more traction or no traction at all. Therapist holds the position for 20 seconds. Three times the process is repeated and then reassessed. Main outcome variables: Numerical Pain Rating Score Goniometer

Study aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization and self-stretching techniques to improve shoulder pain, range of motion and function in athletes with subacromial impingement syndrome Design: Randomized clinical trial; a single blinded study Settings and conduct: Future Badminton Academy, Single blinded study (assessors of the study would be kept blind of the treatment group to which the patient will be allocated) Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Age 20-40 years old, Both male and female athletes, Athletes with painful arc, Athletes with positive Hawkins–Kennedy and Neers sign, Athletes with unilateral/bilateral impingement. Non-inclusion criteria: Any other musculoskeletal disorder of shoulder, Any Previous surgery of shoulder, Patients with co-morbidities, Hypertension, Diabetes Intervention groups: Control group: they will get Self-stretching techniques (e.g., cross body stretch, sleeper stretch) using towel, shoulder pulleys or Thera-bands, each technique was performed for at least 5-7 times with 5-10 seconds hold under the supervision of physiotherapist with proper instructions with base line treatment (Hot pack for 10 minutes, TENS 15 minutes) before stretching. Intervention group: they will get Hawk grip (HGPro multitool) under the supervision of Hawk-grip IASTM practitioner. Starting with the superficial muscles of the shoulder girdle, continuing along the intrascapular region and up into the cervical region main focus was on rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) with base line treatment (Hot Pack for 10 mint, TENS 15 min) before IASTM. Main outcome variables: Function, Pain, Range of motion of shoulder

Study aim: To determine the comparative effects of Butler neural tissue mobilization and Mulligan Bent leg raise in patients with chronic lumbar radiculopathy. Design: Parallel groups, single-blind, randomized controlled trial, 62 participants were enrolled Settings and conduct: OPD physiotherapy department Sheikh Zayed Hospital Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Patients diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy with unilateral radiating pain by an orthopedist; Aged 25-50 years; Both Male and Female; Positive neurodynamic test i.e. SLR test and Slump test. Exclusion Criteria: Patients having somatic referred pain; specific diseases of the spine like ankylosing spondylitis, Paget's disease, vertebral collapse, rheumatoid arthritis, and spondylolisthesis; spine Tb, intermittent claudication, diabetic neuropathy; Recent infection; Mental retardation; hemiparesis. Intervention groups: Group A: The conventional treatment (hot pack and exercise) includes 10 minutes of hot pack and exercise in addition to Butler neural tissue mobilization. Group B: The conventional treatment (hot pack and exercise) contains 10 minutes of hot pack and exercise in addition to Mulligan bent leg raise, applied for pain, functional activity, and SLR. Main outcome variables: Pain; ROM (lumber flexion, extension, SLR); Functional Disability

Study aim: To evaluate the effects of core stability with dynamic stretching in addition to routine physical therapy in patients with chronic low back pain. Design: Parallel, single blinded,randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: The study would be single blinded as the assessor was being masked. and will be done Govt. Mian Munshi Dhq teaching hospital Lahore Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: •Patient with history of chronic non specific Low Back Pain Either gender ,age ranges from 20-50 years will include in study Exclusion criteria: •Any neurological symptoms Any pathology of spine like Spondylosis, Spondylolisthesis Patients with other comorbidity such as systemic disorders •Patients with sociopsychatric disorders ,Pregnancy ,Fracture Intervention groups: Intervention groups 1 Description Intervention group: Patients in Group B were treated with core stability exercises (squats, crunches, front plank, plank with alternating leg lift, supine 2 leg bridge exercise), dynamic stretching (Slum stretch, cat and camel stretch, child pose stretch, overhead lateral stretch, and side leg swings), and routine physical therapy (Experimental Group). For six weeks, both groups received two sessions per week. All of the exercises are performed in two sets of 10-15 repetitions during each session. Category Rehabilitation 2 Description Patients in Group-A (Control Group) receive RPT, which involves 20 minutes of hot pack superficial moist heat and 20 minutes of traditional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to the pain site utilising a dual-channel portable TENS unit with an 80-100 pulses per second frequency. In addition, abdominal curl ups in supine, back extensor exercises in prone, hip extensor exercises in prone, and lumber rotation are performed. Category Rehabilitation Main outcome variables: Pain, range of motion, physical disability

Study aim: The aim of the study is to compare the effects of Conventional Physical Therapy with and without Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in postpartum low back patients for improving pain, disability, and quality of life. Design: A concealed, single-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial with a parallel-group design of 70 patients, Settings and conduct: 70 subjects will be studied in Mansoora Hospital Department of Physical Therapy. Participants and assessors will be blinded. During the first visit, the researcher will complete thorough case history and regional assessment. Patients will be assessed using the SF36 for physical activity, general health, emotional activity, general health activity, and physical functions, Modified Oswestry Disability Index score for the functional outcome, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale for pain. In group A the patient will receive TENS and conventional Physical Therapy along with home-based exercises for back flexibility and strengthening and Group B will receive Conventional physical therapy along with home-based exercises. Participants were reassessed on the outcome scales at end of treatment. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: • Age range between 18 to 40 years • Female having a normal delivery • Female with six Week post-partum • Female having low back pain of delivery Exclusion Criteria • Female with an anatomical anomaly • Female with the structural disorder of spinal alignment (Scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis) • Female with Traumatic / Inflammatory / Infectious Conditions • Female having diagnosed stress / depression / Anxiety Intervention groups: Group A: TENS plus Conventional Physical Therapy (Supervised) with Home based exercises. Group B: Conventional Physical Therapy (Supervised) with Home-based exercises Main outcome variables: Pain, Disability, Quality of Life

Study aim: To compare the effects of incentive spirometry (IS) and deep breathing exercises (DBE) on pulmonary functions after coronary artery bypass grafting Design: Pragmatic, community based, parallel-group, double-blind, randomised controlled trial Settings and conduct: Conducted from July, 2019 - January, 2020 in Doctor's hospital Lahore Assesor was kept blind Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: CABG patients of either gender, aged between 35-60 years were selected by taking 20 in each group by convenient sampling. Patients with previous history of lung disorder, bone tuberculosis, osteoarthritis, neurological diseases and osteoporosis patients, chest operative and unstable hemodynamics patients were debarred. Intervention groups: Group-A with 20 patients was handled with incentive spirometry only. Group-B comprised of 20 patients was treated with deep breathing exercises. Main outcome variables: The outcome measures are values of oxygen saturation (SaO2)by pulse oximetry, and partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) measured by arterial blood gases (ABGs).

Study aim: To compare effect of virtual reality alone with the combined effect of Virtual reality and modified constraint induced movement therapy on upper limb motor function in stroke Design: Randomized Control Trial Settings and conduct: Dar ul Rehmat medical complex, Charsadda. Single blinded Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Ischemic stroke of MCA subjects suffering from stroke for at least 6 months Both genders of age between 40 to 60 years Having at least 10° of active extension of each MCP joint, IP joints of all the digits, and 10° wrist extension of the affected limb Spasticity Grade 1 to 3 according to Modified Ashworth Scale Exclusion criteria: Patients with visual deficits Patients not willing to use virtual reality or CIMT Patients with cognitive disorders Patients with upper limb contracture Intervention groups: 1. Group (I) Virtual reality 2. Group (II) Virtual reality combined with modified constraint induced movement therapy Main outcome variables: Stroke

Study aim: To determine the effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy in addition to conventional physical therapy on pain and numbness in lower limbs of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Design: A concealed, randomized, single blinded, sham controlled clinical trial with a parallel group design of 43 patients, enrolled between November 2021 and March 2022, and followed for 6 months. Settings and conduct: Physical Therapy Department, University of Lahore Teaching Hospital Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Both males and females; Age ranging from 45 to 70 years; Type II diabetes with clinical stage N2a of diabetic peripheral neuropathy; Peripheral neuropathic symptoms lasting for ≥ 6 months. Exclusion Criteria: Unstable glycemic index; Pregnancy; Some surgical cases such as knee replacement or any spinal surgery; Spinal stenosis, spinal compression or any other relative radiculopathy; Patients having malignancy and who have received radiotherapy treatment during last six months; Peripheral vascular disease or claudication; Skin discoloration or skin ulcers Intervention groups: In experimental group, patients will receive 20-25 minutes of therapy session including 5 minutes of LLLT on lumbosacral area and plantar surface of foot each, along with the conventional therapy, including TENS for 15 minutes on lumbosacral area and plantar surface of foot. TENS will be used on both sites at the same time. This session will be given for 4 days a week, for 4 consecutive weeks. The patients in conventional physical therapy group will also receive the same treatment including TENS and LLLT but the laser unit will be switched off this time to get sham therapy. Main outcome variables: Pain Numbness

Study aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of strain counter strain technique with Kinesio taping and Strain counter strain technique without Kinesio taping on Myofascial neck pain syndrome. Design: Parallel group, single blind,Randomized control trial Settings and conduct: Participants, health care providers who care for participants during the trial, data collectors, Outcome assessors, and with lesser importance data safety and monitoring board and manuscript writers.Outcome assessor is taken blind and data safety will be ensured. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Participants will be included: 1. Subject between the ages 17 and 45 years old. 2. Both male and female patients with myofascial neck pain. 3. Participant with complaints of Neck pain will be recruited. 4. Participants for this study will be strictly voluntary and informed consent will be obtained 5. Presence of active symptomatic MTrPs in the upper trapezius will be the main inclusion criteria. Participants will be excluded if they have a medical diagnosis of fibromyalgia, spinal radicular findings, blood coagulation disorders, chronic pain syndrome, cancer, allergies history of cervical spine or shoulder surgery within the preceding 3 years, use of anticoagulants, opioids or antiepileptic medications, daily alcohol intake over 27.4 g for men or 13.7 g for women, and pregnancy Intervention groups: Group A: Strain counter strain technique with Kinesio taping Group B: Strain counter strain technique without Kinesio taping Main outcome variables: pain and disability

Study aim: The aim of this study will be to compare the effects of diaphragmatic breathing exercise and active cycle of breathing technique in lowering heart rate and blood pressure measured in hypertensive patients at 24 hour and 7 days interval. Design: Two parallel groups, single blinded, randomized clinical trial with pre and post assessment Settings and conduct: DHQ hospital Sahiwal and privately at Sahiwal Diabetes Care Center and Polyclinic (Sahiwal), Participant will be blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria • Patients with age range 45-65 years • Patients clinically diagnosed with hypertension • Patients who will give consent to abide by treatment for 4 weeks. Exclusion criteria • History of precious surgery • History of rib fracture • Any neurological problem • Pregnant females • Patients with respiratory disease • Patients with coronary artery disease Intervention groups: Interventional Group1 : Diaphragmatic breathing exercise. Interventional Group 2 : Active cycle of breathing technique. Main outcome variables: • Heart rate • Systolic and diastolic blood pressure.