Study aim: To compare different Virtual reality based exercises with routine physiotherapy in patients with chronic low back pain Design: A concealed, single blinded randomised controlled trial will be conducted on 100 patients,single centered study Settings and conduct: University of lahore teaching hospital,Pain Center, single blinded study (patient will be blinded to the recruited group) Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Both male and female patients, age between 25-80 years, Clinically diagnosed with Chronic Low back pain and willing to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: Any fracture or dislocation of lumber spine, Any history of surgery on lumber spine, hip or pelvis, Spinal tumors or infections in the intervertebral disc, Inflammatory diseases such as rheumatism, Spinal deformity such as scoliosis, spondylolysthesis.Patients taking medications e.g Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) for pain,Pregnant females,Virtual reality Phobia Intervention groups: Patients will be randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The control group will receive routine physical therapy while the experimental groups will receive Virtual reality based exercises alongwith the routine physical therapy Main outcome variables: Pain, Functional Disability , fear avoidance belief and Range of Motion

Study aim: To evaluate the immediate effects of Mulligan's Bent leg raise and active release technique on tightness of hamstring in asymptomatic individuals for range of motion and flexibility Design: A concealed ,randomized, double blinded clinical trial of 26 participants enrolled in April 2023 Settings and conduct: Setting of the study is MADINA TEACHING HOSPITAL, FAISALABAD The study population is 26 individuals. Double blinding is used for participant selection with sealed envelopes for choosing the intervention groups by lottery method and the data analyzer is also blinded. Participants in a randomized clinical trial can be blinded by not knowing which treatment group they are assigned to. The data analyzer can be blinded by not knowing which treatment group each participant belongs to. This helps reduce bias in analyzing the results. Participants of the study are asymptomatic individuals Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Straight leg raise range of motion less than 75°; both male and female participants; Between age 18 to 30 years; Who are willing to participate; Tightness of hamstring measured by Active knee extension test; Normal healthy subjects. Exclusion criteria: Recent Trauma; Spinal Surgery; Fractures; Osteoporosis; low back pain; Orthopedic disease effecting lower limb (meniscal injury, femoral fracture etc.) Intervention groups: The Intervention group 1 received Mulligan 's bent leg raise technique. Intervention group 2 received Active Release Technique Main outcome variables: Straight Leg Raise range of motion Active Knee Extension Test Sit and Reach Flexibility Test

Study aim: To compare the efficacy of oral terbinafine alone and oral terbinafine and fluconazole in treating dermatophytes among children under 18 years. Design: Randomized controlled trail of 200 patients, single centered study Settings and conduct: Study would be conducted in Dermatology department, PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: (a) clinical diagnosis of tinea corporis, tinea cruris or tinea faciei, Tinea pedis, tinea capitis (b) microscopic confirmation (potassium hydroxide [KOH] microscopy), (c) age birth to 18 years and (d) no treatment with terbinafine or fluconazole in last one month. Exclusion criteria (a) presence of any other type(s) of tinea, e.g., onychomycosis, b) inability to come for follow-up, c) history of adverse reaction to terbinafine and/or fluconazole, D) history of renal, liver or cardiac disease Intervention groups: Patients would be divided into 2 groups by lottery method based on treatment regimens as follows: 1. Group A: Terbinafine orally at following doses: 62.5 mg/day for <10 kg body weight, 125 mg/day for 10-20 kg body weight, and 250 mg/day for >20kg body weight. 2. Group B: Terbinafine orally at following doses: 62.5 mg/day for <20 kg body weight, 125 mg/day for 20–40 kg body weight, and 250 mg/day for >40 kg body weight. And fluconazole orally at 6mg/kg/every alternate day Main outcome variables: Outcome measures and statistical analysis: Patients were labeled as the following at both fourth and eighth weeks. Complete response: Cured (complete clinical resolution of all lesions) Partial response: Partially cured (more than 50% improvement in the total BSA) and No response: Increase in severity of the lesions or no improvement in the lesions after 4 weeks of starting antifungal agents RELAPSE: Reappearance of lesions once they have been cured on follow up visit,

Study aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Plyometric Exercises on Improving Cardiorespiratory Endurance , Muscle Strength and Quality of life in Undergraduate Students Design: Quasi-Experimental Study Settings and conduct: Setting: Data will be collected from the Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences, Multan. Conduct: The eligible candidates for this study will be selected from Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences in multan city and will be enrolled in the trail. There will be no rendomization or blinding as it is a single group study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria:Adults 18-30 years of age, Gender (Male and Female), People with low or moderate physical activity (international Physical Activity Questionnaire), People having BMI ranging between 19-23 or over (South-Asian BMI Scale) Exclusion Criteria: any recent fractures, People with loss of hearing, sight and other senses, Hemodynamically unstable patients, People having undergone surgery within last 6 weeks, People with any physical disability Intervention groups: Only one group is included in this study. The exercise regime was distributed over 6 weeks period (24 sessions) once a day and 4 times a week. The exercises used in this study are box jumps, reverse lounge knee-ups, pop squats, skater hops, pushups and sprints. Each exercise will be done for 5 minutes. We will be using Shuttle run test, manual muscle testing, murcury manometer, manual techniques for respiration rate measurement and pulse oximeter to measure muscle strength, Cardio-pulmonary fitness, blood pressure, pulse rate and Respiration rate. Main outcome variables: Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory parameters and quality of life

Study aim: To Compare the effects of Mobilization with movement and oscillatory mobilization on pain, range of motion and disability among patients with De Quervain's tendinopathy Design: The design of this study is Randomized, parallel Clinical Trial. Randomization is done by lottery method. In this method, the researcher gives each participant of the trial a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to allocate participants in two groups Settings and conduct: The eligible participants for physiotherapy referring to the Arif Memorial Hospital in Lahore city during the study period will be enrolled in the trial and will be randomly assigned to the intervention groups through the randomization. This trial will be single-blinded so that outcome accessor will not be aware of the allocation of participants. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: inclusion criteria: The participants with Age 20 to 45 , who experienced pain at the wrist, over the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons were considered positive for tenosynovitis are included and they should have positive Finkelstein test as it is used to define De Quervain. Exclusion Criteria: The participant with Radial-side wrist pain due to carpometacarpal arthritis and Fracture of the wrist, wrist operation and whose hand is immobilized are excluded. Intervention groups: Intervention Group A: Baseline treatment of ultrasound in continuous mode with frequency of 3 MHz and intensity of 0.1 to 1.5 W/cm2 and then Manual therapy (mobilization with movement) will be performed 3 sessions per week for 2 weeks. Intervention Group B: Baseline treatment of ultrasound as group A and then Manual therapy (oscillatory Mobilization) will be performed 3 sessions per week for 2 weeks. Main outcome variables: Pain, Range of motion, Disability

Study aim: This study aims to improve the motor skills and the executive functions like thinking reasoning , problem solving and memory of the older individuals using a specific form of exercises. tai chi exercises enhance self awareness and at the same time relaxes body and helps to gain a good balance , stability and aligned posture.it also shows potential to improve the cognitive functioning Design: Randomized control trial, community based, single blind, allocated randomly through sealed envelope method into 2 groups. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted in the Al-Najat old home. • Participants will be included in the study after taking full informed consent. • Participants will be screened thoroughly for any exclusion, before getting enrolled. • Participants will be determined by the Single Leg Stance test to include in the study. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: 1) males and females of age 60 years and above. 2) individuals with Single leg stance score less than 20 seconds. Exclusion criteria: 1) color blind individuals. 2) visually impaired individuals. 3) bed bound individuals. Intervention groups: The intervention group will be performing different tai chi moves for 6 consecutive weeks for a number of 5 days in a week, in which there will be a 10 min warm up session, 40 mins exercise session and 10 mins of cool down session. Main outcome variables: Executive function and motor skills

Study aim: To evaluate effects of preoperative aerobic training for improving postoperative functional mobility in coronary artery bypass graft patients. Design: Non Blinded non randomized Quasi experimental design. Settings and conduct: Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology Faisalabad. After complete evaluation, informed consent will be taken from patients who include in the study. Sample size of 38 patients will be allocated in two groups with one receive aerobic training and other group will receive conventional treatment. the outcomes measure will be evaluating at baseline, 3rd week preoperative and postoperative before discharge. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria:40-60 years of age. patients with double and triple Coronary artery bypass graft. patients with left ventricular ejection fraction > 50%. Exclusion criteria: patients with congestive heart failure. patients with pacemaker dependents. patients with neurological deficit. Intervention groups: Treatment will be provided for 4 days in a week for 3 weeks for both groups. Group 1 will perform the Aerobic exercises.Group 2 will perform the breathing exercises. Main outcome variables: Time Up and Go Test, Canadian Cardiovascular Society Grading, Duration of Oxygen Therapy

Study aim: 1. To evaluate the impact of Pilates exercises on pain on people who have non-specific low back pain 2. To evaluate the effect of Pilates exercises on lumbar ROM in individuals with non-specific low back pain Design: Randomized clinical trial with blinded outcome assessment. 30 male and female participants were randomly allocated into control and experimental groups. Settings and conduct: Study settings were OPDs of Madinah teaching hospital and Allied hospital Faisalabad. The trial was blinded by both the researcher and the participants as someone else has allocated the participants in both groups. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria was to have individuals with chronic low back pain aging between 30-50 years. Exclusion criteria was pregnancy, any spinal pathology. Intervention groups: Intervention group received hotpack as the baseline treatment then the participants had performed a set of Pilates exercise program which included 8 different exercises that basically targeted the core and lower back muscles while incorporating both mind and body. Main outcome variables: Numeric pain rating scale and Modified Schober test were the main outcome measures. NPRS was to assess the pain and Modified Schober Test was used to assess the lumbar range of motion.

Study aim: to determine the effects of multi segmental exercise intervention on postural dysfunction among geriatric population. to determine the effects of multi segmental exercise intervention on balance among geriatric population. Design: . The exercise program will be divided into six sections: • Postural awareness • Stretching exercises • Mobility exercises • Strength exercises • Balance & coordination exercises • Endurance training The above-mentioned exercise program consists of: • 10-minute warm up period. • 35-minut exercise period. • 10- minute relaxation (cool down) period. Settings and conduct: University institute of physical therapy university of Lahore, Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Both male & female. • Age 65-75 years. • Participants who can able to move independently. • Participants who can able to climb one flight of stairs independently. • Participants who have thoracic kyphosis of 50 degree or greater. Exclusion criteria: • Patient who could not maintain balance when standing unassisted • Patient with diagnosed neurological or vestibular disorders. • Patient with serious medical conditions that will limit participation in exercise program i.e. (chest pain, myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery within 6 months) • Patient with uncontrolled hypertension. • Patient with previous 12 months history of hip fracture or total hip replacement. Intervention groups: Group-A (Control group): This group will receive no exercise program but postural education will be given to this group via video. Group B (Experimental group): The patients in this group will receive exercise program of 1 hour. The exercise program will consist of warm up period, an exercise session, & cool down period twice weekly for 24 weeks. Main outcome variables: • Posture control • Balance (static & dynamic balance

Study aim: To assess the efficacy of topical azithromycin drops versus oral doxycycline therapy in meibomian gland dysfuntion (MGD). Design: Prospective, randomized, interventional, parallel group design with 60 patients, non-blinded to therapy, single center, clinical trial Settings and conduct: The study patients were recruited from an EYE OPD between December 2019 to June 2020, at Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera. The groups were divided into two i.e. Topical Azithromycin 1% and Oral Doxycycline 100mg, groups were not blinded to therapy so as the examiners. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria All the patients within the specified age group with posterior blepharitis secondary to meibomian gland dysfunction Patients with meibomian gland dysfunction, non responsive to conventional therapy such as lid massage, warm compresses and lid scrubbing Exclusion criteria En Patients with blepharitis other than posterior one Patients with other inflammatory lid conditions like atopic blepharoconjunctivitis Patients with traumatic eyelid injuries Patients with neoplastic lid disorders Pregnant, conceiving and lactating females history of any allergy to the study drugs Patients treated with oral or topical medications other than study drugs for posterior blepharitis within 3 months period Intervention groups: 1) Topical Azithromycin 1% twice daily for 1 week followed by once daily for 3 weeks 2) Oral Doxycycline 100 mg once daily for 4 weeks Main outcome variables: 1) Mean improvement in different symptoms score 2) Mean improvement in Schirmer 1 test 3) Mean improvement in Conjunctival hyperaemia 4) Mean improvement in Corneal staining score

Study aim: To study the effects of fitness training program and comprehensive muscle endurance training along with fitness training program on muscle strength, endurance and quality of life in post COVID-19 patients Design: Patients will be recruited in the study through a convenient sampling technique and then will be randomly assigned to each group according to consort guideline 2010. Participants are 40 persons. Written informed consent will be taken. After enrollment into the study, patients will be allocated either to group A or Group B by lottery method. No. of Chits will be equal to the total sample size, odd Numbers will be allocated to Group A and even numbers will be allocated to Group B. No blinding. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted at Fatima Memorial Hospital, LHR. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Aged18 to 40 years; both genders; Post Covid-19 patients; Hemodynamically stable; Non-diabetic patients; Non- Hospitalized Patients. Exclusion criteria: Neuromuscular disease; Unstable cardiovascular disease; Musculoskeletal disease; Pregnancy; Rib Fracture; Risk of Pneumothorax; Pneumonectomy; Red Flags Like: Fever, Night Sweats, Malaise; Pulmonary embolism; Lung cancer. Intervention groups: Group B: will be treated with supervised combined strength-endurance training (CT). Exercises consisted of 30 minutes of cycling, treadmill walking, or using an upper limb ergometer. Group A: will be treated according to physical activity education program approach (EDU), based on a periodically supervised protocol of different exercise. The EDU program was scheduled as follows: Each supervised training session lasted 60 min and included 3 alternating types of physical activity: aerobics classes with flexibility and balance training. Main outcome variables: Strength, endurance, and quality of life in post covid patients

Study aim: To explore single nucleotide polymorphisms of transporter target genes of rosuvastatin SLCO1B3 and ABCG2 Design: One arm/group quasi-experimental clinical trial, non-randomized, non-blinded design of 384 patients enrolled between December 2022 to December 2023. Settings and conduct: Pharmacology Department of Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences. Rawalpindi. Tertiary Care Hospital, Islamabad. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: LDL-c > 130 mg/dL Intervention groups: Patients will receive rosuvastatin once a day for 12 weeks. So intervention will be done with rosuvastatin administration . Blood sampling for biochemical analysis will be done at day 0 and after 12 weeks of intervention with rosuvastatin. Genotyping will be done by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (AS-PCR) and plasma rosuvastatin levels will be determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after follow up period of 12 weeks Main outcome variables: i.Polymorphic alleles of rosuvastatin transporter genes SLCOIB3 & ABCG2 ii Plasma rosuvastatin levels iii. Lipid Profile iv. Creatine Phospho Kinase v. Liver &Renal Function Tests vi. C-Reactive Protein

Study aim: To compare the effects of myofascial release technique on pain and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial; single-blinded; on 110 samples; parallel groups; randomized by computer-generated method and further concealed envelop method used for allocation in the group. In the envelope, 1 will be code for the control group and 2 will be code for the experimental group. Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted at the department of Physiotherapy, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. The study will be single-blinded. The assessor will unaware of the treatment given to either group. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Both gender. Age between 20-40 years. Diagnosis of fibromyalgia according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. History of wide spread chronic pain for more than 3 months. Patient must exhibit more than 11 of 18 tender point. Exclusion Criteria: The cognitive deficit that does not allow the understanding of the evaluation instruments. The physical activity started or changed in the last three months. Intervention groups: Intervention group: Myofascial mobilization with routine physical therapy in the intervention group. The participants executed a 12-week supervised strengthening exercise program of 40-minute sessions performed twice a week, with progressive overload. In the first two sessions, no load was used. Subsequently, 0.5kg was added each week if the patient identified the effort as slightly intense on the Borg scale (score = 13)22. Control group: Routine physical therapy. Main outcome variables: Pain; Quality of life

Study aim: To study the comparative effects of active release technique and nerve mobilization technique on the pain, range of motion and disability in carpel tunnel syndrome patient among pregnant women Design: Study design will be randomized clinical trial. Settings and conduct: The study will be held at Arif memorial hospital, Lahore. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Pregnant females with age between 20-40 years and having numbness in hands will included in the study. while non pregnant diabetic patients or patients suffering from hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and sarcoidesis will exclude from our research. Intervention groups: Participants will be divided in two treatment groups. Both groups will be assessed before (pre) and after (post) the treatment. Group A patients will be treated with the active release technique and conventional physical therapy treatment. Group b patient will be treated with nerve mobilization technique and conventional physical therapy treatment. Main outcome variables: Boston questionnaire will used to assess the symptom severity and functional status in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. NPRS will be used to assess pain severity. Goniometer will be used for wrist range of motion.

Study aim: Therapeutic deep tissue foot message with jasmine oil in diabetes and hypertensive patients and their effects on blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, insulin level, temperature, respiration rate, lipid profile . Design: Lottery method, community bases,parallel group, Double blinded,Randomized control trial.there were 393 patients were enrolled. Settings and conduct: Study was conducted at Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences Multan after approval from Institutional ethical committee. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Incision criteria : Age group of 25-70 years ,Both Genders (Male, Female), Educated and uneducated Diabetic patient, Hypertensive patients,Married and unmarried.Exclusion criteria: Any type of mental disability,Lactating females,Having any type of physical disability,Pregnant females,Any type of major surgery. Intervention groups: The three treatment groups were treated with therapeutic deep tissue massage with three ways: first group was treated with jasmine oil manually massage, second group was treated electric palm massage with jasmine oil massage and third group was treated with electric palm massager with-out jasmine oil. The deep tissue foot massage was applied by three ways on the feet of diabetics and hypertensive patients for 15 consecutive days. Each session was 30 minutes per day. Massage was applied for 15 minutes on each foot. After 15 days we were compare per and post blood pressure and glucose level in hypertensive and diabetics patients. We were measure objective data heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and glucose level and oxygen saturation. Main outcome variables: Increasing insulin and blood circulation in diabetic patients and was help in reducing mean of arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, respiratory rate, and increases oxygen saturation in hypertensive patients.

Study aim: to compare the effect of kabat technique vs facial neuromuscular re-education technique to reduce facial disability and synkineis in bell's palsy patients Design: parallel group, single blinded, randomized control trial Settings and conduct: OPD physiotherapy department mayo hospital Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: • INCLUSION CRITERIA: a) Age: 20-60 years b) Diagnosed cases of Bell’s palsy c) Non traumatic origin d) onset(0-6 months ) • EXCLUSION CRITERIA: a) Psychiatric patients or non-cooperative patients b) Patients complaining of other neurological deficits c) Post-surgical cases d) Neurotemesis e) Upper motor neuron lesion f) Any underlying terminal disease Intervention groups: group A kabat technique group B neuromuscular re-education technique Main outcome variables: syninesis and facial disability

Study aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing exercises and progressive relaxation techniques in patients having preeclampsia. Design: The design of this study is Randomized, parallel Controlled Trial. Randomization is done by lottery method. In this method, the researcher gives each participant of the trial a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to allocate participants in two groups Settings and conduct: This study is conducted at Arif Memorial Hospital. In this trial participants are blinded through concealment to avoid biasness. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Systolic BP ≥135 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg Preeclampsia female diagnosed by a physician Age group 25-40 Exclusion criteria: Chronic hypertension Contraction or leakage of fluid during the study Bleeding , heart disease, and renal diseases Intervention groups: All the subjects of the sample will be allocated to two groups randomly. Group A: Diaphragmatic breathing exercise , progressive relaxation technique and routine hypertensive medication Group B: only receive routine hypertensive medication Main outcome variables: Arterial blood pressure, Oxygen saturation.

Study aim: To Compare the effectiveness of aerobic and kegal exercises on menstruation related pain and fatigue in primary dysmenorrhea Design: The design of this study is Randomized, parallel Clinical Trial. Randomization is done by lottery method. In this method, the researcher gives each participant of the trial a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to allocate participants in two groups. Settings and conduct: This study is conducted at Rashid latif medical college. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria • 18-25 years old, young female • Bleeding time 3-10 days • Primary dysmenorrhea [patient are previously diagnosed] • Not taking any vitamin or mineral supplementation during one menstrual cycle before trial • Not practicing physical exercise [ more than 3 times a week ,for >30 min ] Exclusion Criteria • chronic disease[ heart disease ,respiratory disease ,asthma, nervous disorder etc ] • history of irregular cycles • history of gynecological surgery • women who use oral contraceptives Intervention groups: Patient of group A received aeorbic exercise Patient of group B received Kegel exercises Main outcome variables: The intensity of pain is measured by the numeric pain rating scale which is an accurate and reliable tool for measuring pain intensity symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea. Fatigue is assessed by an accurate and reliable scale i.e: fatigue severity scale.

Study aim: To compare the effects of therapeutic ultrasound and muscle energy techniques of piriformis and iliopsoas for coccydynia in pregnant females Design: The study is a concealed, randomized, blinded, clinical trial with a parallel group design. Randomization is done by lottery method. In this method, the researcher gives each participant of the trial a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to allocate participants in two groups. Settings and conduct: This study is conducted at Arif Memorial Hospital. In this trial participants are blinded through concealment to avoid biasness. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Age 20-40 years pregnant females Idiopathic coccydynia Subjects willing to undergo muscle energy techniques of piriformis and iliopsoas Exclusion criteria: Tumors Trauma Subjects with history of spinal surgery Intervention groups: The individuals are grouped in 2 categories; Group A will receive Therapeutic ultrasound. Group B will receive muscle energy techniques of piriformis and iliopsoas Main outcome variables: Pain is measured before the application of techniques using Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS).

Study aim: To compare efficacy of narrow band UVB in combination with oral acyclovir versus oral acyclovir alone in prevention of post herpetic neuralgia in patients with herpes zoster Design: community based, parallel group, randomized controlled trial Settings and conduct: Dermatology Department Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: ● Both genders ● Patients having herpes zoster as per operational definition, reporting within 07 days of eruption of vesicles Exclusion Criteria: ● Patients reporting after 07 days of onset of rash ● Patients having history of photosensitivity ● Patients who are unable to stand due to any musculoskeletal abnormalities ● Patients who are claustrophobic ● Patients in which genitalia is involved (L1 dermatome), as genitalia is usually shielded during nbUVB irradiation ● Patients in which scalp is involved (C2 dermatome), as because of hair scalp will not be properly irradiated Intervention groups: After taking approval from Ethical Review Committee of the hospital, 100 patients with informed consent, fulfilling the inclusion criteria from Department of Dermatology were included in the study. Randomization was conducted through sequentially numbered opaque envelopes generated from a random numbers table into two groups of 50 patients each. Each patient was assigned a number at enrollment which defined a study assignment (Oral Acyclovir alone vs Oral Acyclovir plus nbUVB). 50 sample size was for Oral Acyclovir Alone group, (Control Group / Non-UV Group) while 50 sample size was for Oral Acyclovir plus nbUVB group, (Study Group / UV Group) as well. Both groups were given analgesic Paracetamol for pain relief with addition of Gabapentin if required (depending upon severity of pain). Main outcome variables: pain relief using VRS at the end of treatment sessions and after 03 months follow-up period

Study aim: The aim of the study is to assess the effects of early phase protocol in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients in addition to conventional physical therapy protocol. Design: Two arm parallel group randomized trial with blinded postoperative care and outcome assessment Settings and conduct: Study will be conducted at Hayatabad medical complex, Khyber teaching hospital and Lady reading hospital, Peshawar. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria: Patient underwent through ACL reconstruction surgery using hamstring and peroneus longus graft, Both males and females, aged 18 to 40 years. Exclusion criteria: Patients with medial collateral ligament injuries, meniscal injuries and infections, Patients with known neurological diseases, Patients with known cognitive impairment. Intervention groups: Group A will receive routine/conventional therapy while Group B will receive conventional plus Fowler Kennedy’s protocol. All the participants will be assessed for base line measurements i.e. range of motion to the opposite knee, joint swelling, neuromuscular control and muscle strength. Both groups will be followed for two weeks. Main outcome variables: 1. Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS) 2. Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) 3. Goniometer for Range of motion 4. Cincinnati knee rating system (CKRS) 5. Tegner Lysholam knee activity scale

Study aim: Effects of Muscle Energy Technique versus Bruegger’s Relief Exercise on the Forward Head Posture, pain, function and ROM among the electronic gadget users. Design: A randomized controlled trail Settings and conduct: DHQ Hospital Sargodha Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: INCLUSION: Age range 18-35 years, male and female, CVA<52. NPRS>3,NDI>10, usage of smart phones for 4 hours or more per day. neck pain due to sustained posture,after activity. EXCLUSION: Inflammation, neurological disorder, Neck pain radiating into arms, headache, surgery, VBI, trauma fracture, therapeutic intervention or medical treatment. Intervention groups: Patients randomly divided into two groups, 23 subjects in each group. After taking baseline assessment both groups A and B will be treated with Hot pack for 7-10 minutes and then Muscle energy technique will be performed, 4 weeks 5 sessions in a week MET applied to Upper trapezius, Levator scapulae, Scalene and the Pectoralis major muscles. In addition to this, Bruegger’s Relief Exercise, An elastic resistance band wrapped on each hand of the participant leaving the palm open then abduct and extend of thumb along with fingers, wrist extension and forearm supination, perform scapular retraction with shoulder external rotation, elbow extension, shoulder abduction, extension and chin tuck. Intervention will be starts from 10 seconds hold to 30 seconds with 2 seconds increment in every session. Rest time would be 30 seconds, 4 sets 12 times repetition. Treatment time of each session approximately 20-30 minutes Main outcome variables: Pain, Function, ROM, CVA

Study aim: Effects of primal reflex release technique and stretching exercises on pain and function in patients with coccydynia. Design: A randomized controlled not blind trial. Sample size 46 divided in 2 groups. Total 12 treatment sessions will be given to subjects. Settings and conduct: Setting: District Head Quarter (DHQ) Hospital, Sargodha. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: 1) pain in or around coccyx without radiation 2) tenderness on palpation over coccyx 3) age group above 20 including both male and females 4) difficulty in pain free sitting for long duration Exclusion 1) Patients with cancer or cysts in pelvic area 2) Any tumor, surgery or fracture, recent trauma 3) Pain in coccyx region referred from lumbar spine, pelvic floor muscles, degenerative disc, bony spurs, cysts, or infections etc. 4) neurologic signs/conditions, sensory paresthesia or motor paresis. Intervention groups: Patients will be randomly divided into two groups with 23 patients in each group. After taking baseline assessment both group A and B will be treated with hot pack for 10 minutes and then PRRT will be performed. Maximal muscle contraction for 10 seconds against manual force will be applied in a diagonal of hip flexion adduction followed by relaxation of 30 seconds. 1 set of 6 repetitions of contract relax each treatment session and 3 sessions/week on alternate days will be given for 4 weeks. Stretching will be performed for piriformis and iliopsoas for group B. 3 sessions/week on alternate days will be given for 4 weeks. Treatment time of each session will be approximately 20-25 minutes. Main outcome variables: Pain (Numeric Pain Rating Scale), Functional performance (Dallas Pain Questionnaire), Pain free sitting duration

Study aim: Compare the Effects of Comprehensive Corrective Exercises veraus Muscle Energy techniques in patients with Upper Cross Syndrome Design: Diagnosed patients of UCS will be randomly assigned. Participants were randomized using concealed allocation through opening sealed envelops and card inside envelop indicated the group into which participants was randomly allocated. After randomization participants took part in baseline assessment process, and then groups receive the interventions for eight weeks. All measurements were repeated after ending the interventions. Finally follow up assessment was performed after 4-week detraining period. The participants consisted of 52 men and women aged 20-35 years with UCS. The duration of exercise protocol was eight weeks and three sessions per week, and each session was about an hour. All exercises were performed under supervision. Group A: Follow Muscle energy technique with. Routine physical Therapy Group-B: Follow Comprehensive Corrective Exercises with Routine physical Therapy Settings and conduct: Federal Medical and Rehabilitation Centre Lahore. Single blinded study.Participants are blinded. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Patients with UCS and neck pain history of 4-12 weeks are included. Any other impairement, cervical Surgery and history of trauma excluded. Intervention groups: The duration of exercise protocol was eight weeks and three sessions per week, and each session was about an hour. All exercises were performed under supervision. Group A: Follow Muscle energy technique with. Routine physical Therapy Group-B: Follow Comprehensive Corrective Exercises with Routine physical Therapy Main outcome variables: Pain will be measured by Visual Analogue scale (VAS) Disability will be measured by Neck Disability Index (NDI)

Study aim: To determine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching with and without scapular mobilization on pain, range of motion, and functional disability in frozen shoulder. Design: A randomized control not blind trial. Sample size 48 divided in 2 groups. Total 12 treatment sessions will be given to subjects in 4 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Follow up at 6th week. Settings and conduct: Setting: District Head-Quarter (DHQ) hospital, Sargodha. Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Age group between 40-60 years, unilateral shoulder involvement, ROM<50 %, NPRS>4, pain in shoulder for at least 2 months, both males and females. Exclusion Criteria: History of shoulder surgery, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, local corticosteroid injection into the affected shoulder over the last three months, malignancy, trauma, pathological conditions of cervical spine, elbow, wrist or hand. Intervention groups: Patients will be randomly divided into two groups with 24 subjects in each group. After taking baseline assessment, both groups A and B will be treated with hot packs for 10 minutes and PNF will be applied in two diagonals with 2 sets each with 20 repetitions with rest interval of 20-30 seconds between sets. In addition to this, scapular mobilizations will be performed in group B. 3 sessions per week will be given on alternative days for 4 weeks. Main outcome variables: Pain (Numeric pain rating scale), ROM (Universal Goniometer), Functional disability (SPADI)